Prymnesin-1

Last updated
Prymnesin-1
Prymnesin 1.svg
Names
IUPAC name
77‐Amino‐6,35,90‐trichloro‐17,21:22,26:25,29:30,34:33,37:38,42:41,45:46,50:49,53:54,58:57,62:61,65:64,68:67,71‐tetradecaepoxy‐52‐methyl 14‐(5‐hydroxymethyl‐3,4‐dihydroxy‐2‐oxolanyloxy)‐9‐[5‐(1,2‐dihydroxyethyl)‐3,4‐dihydroxy‐2‐oxolanyloxy]‐13‐(3,4,5‐trihydroxytetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐yloxy)‐72,74,79,81,89‐nonacontapentene‐1,3,83,87‐tetryne‐7,8,10,11,15,18,19,20,23,24,31,39,43,59‐tetradecol
Other names
PRM1 [1]
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
PubChem CID
  • InChI=1S/C107H154Cl3NO44/c1-3-4-15-23-49(109)79(122)85(128)102(155-107-92(135)89(132)100(154–107)57(120)43-112)81(124)51(114)35-77(149-105-90(133)80(123)58(121)45-136-105)99(153-106-91(134)83(126)78(44-113)150-106)54(117)38-73-82(125)84(127)86(129)103(148-73)104-88(131)87(130)101-65(147–104)31-30-64(146–101)96-55(118)39-75-94(151-96)50(110)34-74(143-75)97-56(119)40-76-98(152-97)53(116)36-67(142-76)60-26-27-61-66(138-60)33-46(2)93(144-61)62-28-29-63-95(145-62)52(115)37-68-70(140-63)42-71-72(141-68)41-69-59(139-71)25-24-48(137-69)22-18-14-17-21-47(111)20-16-12-10-8-6-5-7-9-11-13-19-32-108/h1,8,10,12,14,16-19,22,32,46-107,112-135H,7,9,20-21,23-31,33-45,111H2,2H3/b10-8?,16-12?,17-14?,22-18?,32-19-
    Key: JWYXXCZNFFQYGQ-UOMKELITSA-N
  • C#CC#CC[C@H](Cl)C(O)C(O)C(O[C@@H]1O[C@]([C@@H](CO)O)([H])[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)C(O)C(O)CC(O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CO2)C(O[C@@H]3[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O3)C(O)C[C@@]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]4O)([H])O[C@@]4([H])[C@@]5([H])O[C@]6([H])[C@@](O[C@]([C@]7([H])[C@H](O)C[C@](O[C@]([C@@]8([H])O[C@]([C@@H](O)C[C@@]([C@]9([H])O[C@@](C[C@@H](C)[C@]([C@@]%10([H])O[C@@]%11([H])[C@@H](O)C[C@@]%12([H])O[C@@]%13([H])C[C@@]%14([H])O[C@@]([H])(/C=C/C=C/C[C@@H](N)C/C=C/C=C/C#CCCC#C/C=C/Cl)CC[C@]%14([H])O[C@]%13([H])C[C@]%12([H])O[C@]%11([H])CC%10)([H])O%15)([H])[C@]%15([H])CC9)([H])O%16)([H])[C@@]%16([H])C[C@@H]8O)([H])C[C@@H]%17Cl)([H])[C@@]%17([H])O7)([H])CC6)([H])[C@@H](O)[C@H]5O
Properties
C107H154Cl3NO44
Molar mass 2264.72 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Prymnesin-1 is a chemical with the molecular formula C
107H
154Cl
3NO
44. It is a member of the prymnesins, a class of hemolytic phycotoxins made by the alga Prymnesium parvum . [1] [2] It is known to be toxic to fish, causing mass fish deaths around the world, including in Texas and England, or in 2022 in the border region of Germany and Poland (Oder).

Contents

Structures

Prymnesin-1 is formed of a large polyether polycyclic core with several conjugate double and triple bonds, chlorine and nitrogen heteroatoms and O-linked sugar moieties including α-D-ribofuranose, α-L-arabinopyranose, and β-D-galactofuranose, unlike the single linked α-L-xylofuranose of prymnesin-2. [1] [3] There are three forms of prymnesin known, prymnesin 1 and 2, differing in their glycosylation, and prymnesin B1 [4] differing in backbone.

Biosynthesis

The backbone of A-type prymnesins like prymnesin-1 is reportedly made by giant polyketide synthase enzymes dubbed the "PKZILLAs" of which PKZILLA-1 and PKZILLA-2 are known. [5] PKZILLA-1 is composed of 45,212 amino acids with a chemical formula of C208516H334220N60758O63313S1733, [6] making it the largest known protein. [7] [8] It has a molar mass of 4760921.41 g·mol−1.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Igarashi, Tomoji; Satake, Masayuki; Yasumoto, Takeshi (1999). "Structures and Partial Stereochemical Assignments for Prymnesin-1 and Prymnesin-2: Potent Hemolytic and Ichthyotoxic Glycosides Isolated from the Red Tide Alga Prymnesium parvum". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (37): 8499–8511. Bibcode:1999JAChS.121.8499I. doi:10.1021/ja991740e.
  2. ↑ Morohashi, Akio; Satake, Masayuki; Oshima, Yasukatsu; Igarashi, Tomoji; Yasumoto, Takeshi (2001). "Absolute configuration at C14 and C85 in prymnesin-2, a potent hemolytic and ichthyotoxic glycoside isolated from the red tide alga Prymnesium parvum". Chirality. 13 (9): 601–605. doi:10.1002/chir.1184. PMID   11579456.
  3. ↑ Manning SR, La Claire JW (2010). "Prymnesins: toxic metabolites of the golden alga, Prymnesium parvum carter (Haptophyta)". Marine Drugs. 8 (3): 678–704. doi: 10.3390/md8030678 . PMC   2857367 . PMID   20411121.
  4. ↑ Rasmussen, Silas Anselm; Meier, Sebastian; Andersen, Nikolaj Gedsted; Blossom, Hannah Eva; Duus, Jens Øllgaard; Nielsen, Kristian Fog; Hansen, Per Juel; Larsen, Thomas Ostenfeld (2016). "Chemodiversity of Ladder-Frame Prymnesin Polyethers in Prymnesium parvum". J. Nat. Prod. 79 (9): 2250–2256. Bibcode:2016JNAtP..79.2250R. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00345 . PMID   27550620.
  5. ↑ Fallon, Timothy R.; Shende, Vikram V.; Wierzbicki, Igor H.; Pendleton, Amanda L.; Watervoort, Nathan F.; Auber, Robert P.; Gonzalez, David J.; Wisecaver, Jennifer H.; Moore, Bradley S. (2024-08-09). "Giant polyketide synthase enzymes in the biosynthesis of giant marine polyether toxins". Science. 385 (6709): 671–678. Bibcode:2024Sci...385..671F. doi:10.1126/science.ado3290. ISSN   0036-8075. PMC   11416037 . PMID   39116217.
  6. ↑ "Expasy - ProtParam". web.expasy.org. Retrieved 2025-06-24.
  7. ↑ Nield, David (2024-08-09). "Fish-Killing Toxin Sets New Record in Just How Big a Protein Can Get". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  8. ↑ ScienceAdviser: Largest protein described to date helps algae craft deadly toxins (Report). 2024-08-09. doi:10.1126/science.ads3671.
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