Pseudacraea eurytus

False wanderer
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Genus:	Pseudacraea
Species:	P. eurytus
Binomial name
Pseudacraea eurytus (Linnaeus, 1758)  [1]
Synonyms
Papilio eurytusLinnaeus, 1758 Papilio hirceDrury, [1782] Pseudacraea imitatorTrimen, 1873 Diadema ruhamaHewitson, 1872 Pseudacraea simulatorButler, 1873 Pseudacraea fulvariaButler, 1874 Pseudacraea striataButler, 1874 Pseudacraea metaplanemaButler, 1874 Pseudacraea epigeaButler, 1874 Pseudacraea theoriniAurivillius, 1891 Pseudacraea theorini var. consanguineaAurivillius, 1894 Pseudacraea eurytus ab. bicolorAurivillius, 1899 Pseudacraea karschiFruhstorfer, 1903 Pseudacraea hobleyiNeave, 1904 Pseudacraea tirikensisNeave, 1904 Pseudacraea terraNeave, 1904 Pseudacraea obscuraNeave, 1904 Pseudacraea togoensisBartel, 1905 Pseudacraea impletaGrünberg, 1910 Pseudacraea ruwenzoricaGrünberg, 1911 Pseudacraea fickei f. occidentalisAurivillius, 1912 Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi f. poggeoidesPoulton, 1913 Pseudacraea theorini ab. epigeoidesStrand, 1914 Pseudacraea theorini ab. obtusidentataStrand, 1914 Pseudacraea ruhama ab. latefasciataSchultze, 1920 Pseudacraea eurytus f. opisthoxanthaCarpenter, 1924 Pseudacraea eurytus f. kuenowoidesCarpenter, 1930 Pseudacraea eurytus f. schubotzoidesCarpenter, 1935 Pseudacraea eurytus f. stavelioidesCarpenter, 1949 Pseudacraea eurytus f. hemixanthaCarpenter, 1949 Pseudacraea eurytus f. infumataCarpenter, 1949 Pseudacraea eurytus f. griseaCarpenter, 1949 Pseudacraea eurytus f. jacksoniCarpenter, 1949 Pseudacraea eurytus f. nigralbaHecq, 1991 Pseudacraea fulvaria f. fontaineiHecq, 1991 Pseudacraea striata f. knoopiHecq, 1991 Pseudacraea simulatorGrose-Smith, 1889 Pseudacraea fickeiWeymer, 1907 Pseudacraea rogersiTrimen, 1909 Pseudacraea eurytus f. mlanjensisCarpenter, 1920 Pseudacraea eurytus f. victorisEltringham, 1929 Pseudacraea eurytus f. rufobrunneaCarpenter and Jackson, 1950 Pseudacraea conradtiOberthür, 1893 Pseudacraea eurytus f. pondoCarpenter, 1949 Pseudacraea eurytus f. chioneavan Son, 1979 Pseudacraea mimorasUngemach, 1932 Pseudacraea mimoras f. lachesisUngemach, 1932 Pseudacraea epaeoidesUngemach, 1932 Pseudacraea striata youbdonisUngemach, 1932

Pseudacraea eurytus, the false wanderer, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Africa.

Description

Pseudacraea eurytus eurytus, female from the Ogooué River, tropical Africa

Pseudacraea eurytus conradti, male from the Usambara Mts, East Africa, in Charles Oberthür (1893)

For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms.

The numerous forms of this group [eurytus group - eurytus, dolomena and rubrobasalis ] may be known at once by the long, distinct black streaks on the interneural folds of the hindwing; forewing always with 5 rounded black spots in the cell and 1 or 2 at the base of cellule 1b. The butterflies stand in interesting but very complicated mimetic relations with the Planema species which fly together with them. In the males the forewing is more pointed with the distal margin straight or slightly in the females the forewing very obtusely rounded with the distal margin curved.

• Ps. eurytus L. (46 c). The hindmarginal spot of the forewing is large, reaches vein 3 and has its proximal edge sharp and straight, but does not cover the base of cellules 1b and 2; hindwing beneath at the base reddish, in the male above red-yellow, towards the distal margin gradually becoming broadly darkened, in the female white with very broad black marginal band, rather sharply defined proximally; the hindmarginal spot and the subapical band of the forewing yellow in the male, white in the female. Sierra Leone to the Cameroons.
• ab. epigea Btlr. The subapical band and the broad hindmarginal spot of the forewing are light orange-yellow as in the hindwing the same, the upperside only with a dark marginal band 3-4 mm. in breadth. Among the type-form.
• ab. bicolor Auriv. is distinguished by having the subapical band of the forewing white, but the hindwing and the hindmarginal spot on the forewing red-yellow. Congo.
• terra Neave differs in having the hindmarginal spot of the forewing very broad, almost entirely filling up the base of cellules 1-2, whilst the ochre-yellow ground-colour of the hindwing reaches the distal margin in cellules 1a-4 and only in cellules 5-7 is separated from it by a narrow black band; the hindmarginal spot and the subapical band of the forewing are lighter yellow. Uganda.
• imitator Trim, is the south-eastern race and is distinguished by having the hindmarginal spot of the forewing absent or very small and placed behind the middle of the hindmargin and the hindwing black-brown at the base, so that the white colour forms a median band. The markings are white in the female, light ochre-yellow or whitish in the male. Natal. ^[2]

The wingspan is 60–68 mm for males and 65–75 mm for females.

Subspecies

• Pseudacraea eurytus eurytus — southern Senegal (Casamance) to Cameroon, Angola, Zaire, southern Sudan, Uganda, west of the Rift Valley in western Kenya and western Tanzania
• Pseudacraea eurytus imitatorTrimen, 1873 — South Africa, southern Mozambique
• Pseudacraea eurytus conradtiOberthür, 1893 — Kenya: east of the Rift Valley, eastern Tanzania, Malawi, northern Mozambique
• Pseudacraea eurytus obscuraNeave, 1904 — Uganda
• Pseudacraea eurytus mimorasUngemach, 1932 — south-western Ethiopia

Biology

Adults are on wing year round, but mainly from December to May. There is a strong peak in late summer. ^[3]

The larvae feed on Mimusops obovata , Englerophytum magalismontanum , E. natalense and Donella viridifolia .

Genetic Underdominance

False wanderers display a rare example of stable genetic Underdominance. This species possesses two alleles which each confer an appearance similar to that of another local butterfly species that is toxic to its predator. Individuals who are heterozygous for this trait appear to be intermediate in appearance and thus experience increased predation and lowered overall fitness, since false wanderers heavily rely on Batesian mimicry for survival. ^[4]

References

1. "Pseudacraea Westwood, [1850]" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
2. Aurivillius, [P.O.]C. 1908-1924. In: Seitz, A. Die Grosschmetterlinge der Erde Band 13: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Grosschmetterlinge, Die afrikanischen Tagfalter, 1925, 613 Seiten, 80 Tafeln (The Macrolepidoptera of the World 13). Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
3. Woodhall, Steve (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. ISBN   978-1-86872-724-7.
4. Brauer, Fred; Kribs, Christopher (2015). Dynamical Systems for Biological Modeling: An Introduction. CRC Press. p. 399.

External links

• Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 56 f as conradti