Pseudaxine indicana

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Pseudaxine indicana
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Monogenea
Order: Mazocraeidea
Family: Gastrocotylidae
Genus: Pseudaxine
Species:
P. indicana
Binomial name
Pseudaxine indicana
Chauhan, 1945

Pseudaxine indicana is a species of monogenean flatworm, which is parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Gastrocotylidae. [1]

In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined. While these definitions may seem adequate, when looked at more closely they represent problematic species concepts. For example, the boundaries between closely related species become unclear with hybridisation, in a species complex of hundreds of similar microspecies, and in a ring species. Also, among organisms that reproduce only asexually, the concept of a reproductive species breaks down, and each clone is potentially a microspecies.

Flatworm Phylum of animals, flatworms

The flatworms, flat worms, Platyhelminthes, Plathelminthes, or platyhelminths are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates. Unlike other bilaterians, they are acoelomates, and have no specialized circulatory and respiratory organs, which restricts them to having flattened shapes that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through their bodies by diffusion. The digestive cavity has only one opening for both ingestion and egestion ; as a result, the food cannot be processed continuously.

Fish vertebrate animal that lives in water and (typically) has gills

Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. They form a sister group to the tunicates, together forming the olfactores. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Tetrapods emerged within lobe-finned fishes, so cladistically they are fish as well. However, traditionally fish are rendered paraphyletic by excluding the tetrapods. Because in this manner the term "fish" is defined negatively as a paraphyletic group, it is not considered a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology, unless it is used in the cladistic sense, including tetrapods. The traditional term pisces is considered a typological, but not a phylogenetic classification.

Contents

Systematics

Pseudaxine indicana was described based on single contracted specimen, from the gills of the black sea-bream Chrysophrys berda (currently named Acanthopagrus berda ) [2] (Sparidae), collected off India. [1] It is a species dubia due to the incomplete description, the lack of material, and the unusual host. [3] [4] [5]

<i>Acanthopagrus berda</i> species of fish

Acanthopagrus berda, the goldsilk seabream, sly bream or picnic seabream, among other names, is a marine fish native to the Indian Ocean. Feeding activity intensifies in the summer and is related to temperature and the maximal abundance of benthic organisms. Their diet primarily consists of barnacles, crabs, and oysters, while the secondary food items consist of shrimp, clam and mussels, although the species' diet consists of a wide variety ranging from feeding on teleost, worms, molluscs, small fishes, and plant material.

Sparidae family of fishes

The Sparidae are a family of fish in the order Perciformes, commonly called sea breams and porgies. The sheepshead, scup, and red seabream are species in this family. Most sparids are deep-bodied compressed fish with a small mouth separated by a broad space from the eye, a single dorsal fin with strong spines and soft rays, a short anal fin, long pointed pectoral fins and rather large firmly attached scales. They are found in shallow temperate and tropical waters and are bottom-dwelling carnivores.

India Country in South Asia

India, official name, the Republic of India,, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.

Description

Pseudaxine indicana has the general morphology of all species of Pseudaxine , with an elongate body tapering anteriorly and broad posteriorly, comprising an anterior part which contains most organs and a posterior part called the haptor. The haptor is fan-shaped and asymmetrical, inclined to the body but separated from it by a notch, and bears 19 clamps, arranged in a single row. The clamps of the haptor attach the animal to the gill of the fish. The extreme of the haptor carries an elongated proboscis-like process called "the terminal lapet", bearing in the middle of its length a pair of hooks. There are also two oval buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, an oval pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine that bifurcates in two lateral branches provided with many lateral branches ramifying especially on the outer side, the branches are not contiguous posteriorly and extend to near the posterior end of the haptor. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, armed with 24 hooks, a single vagina, an elongate cylindrical ovary and 40 small follicular testespost-ovarian, lying irregularly in the inter-crural field anteriorly in two rows and posteriorly in three rows in posterior half of body proper. Few testes extend into the haptor. Eggs with long filaments at both ends. [1]

<i>Pseudaxine</i> genus of worms

Pseudaxine is a genus which belongs to the phylum Platyhelminthes and class Monogenea; all its species are parasites of fish.

Haptor organ of Monogeneans

The haptor is the attachment organ of the monogeneans, a group of parasitic Platyhelminthes. The haptor is sometimes called opisthaptor to emphasize that it is located in the posterior part of the body, and to differentiate it from the prohaptor, a structure including glands located at the anterior part of the body. According to Yamaguti (1963), the chief adhesive organ of the monogeneans, the haptor, is posterior, more or less discoid, muscular, may be divided into alveoli or loculi, is usually provided with anchors, has nearly always marginal larval hooklets, or is in a reduced form with anchors. The haptor may consist of symmetrical or asymmetrical, sessile or pedunculate, muscular suckers or clamps with or without supporting sclerites; accessory adhesive organs may be present in form of armed plaques, lappets or appendices.

Clamp (zoology) main attachment structure of Polyopisthocotylean monogeneans

Clamps are the main attachment structure of the Polyopisthocotylean monogeneans.
These ectoparasitic worms have a variable number of clamps on their haptor ; each clamp is attached to the host fish, generally to its gill. Clamps include sclerotised elements, called the sclerites, and muscles. The structure of clamps varies according to the groups within the Polyopisthocotylean monogeneans; microcotylids have relatively simple clamps, whereas gastrocotylids have more complex clamps.

Etymology

The species name refers to India, the type-locality of the species. [1]

Hosts and localities

Acanthopagrus berda is the type host of Pseudaxine indicana Acanthopagrus berda (Forsskal, 1775).jpg
Acanthopagrus berda is the type host of Pseudaxine indicana

The type-host is the black sea-bream Acanthopagrus berda ) (Sparidae). The type-locality is off India. [1] It was also recorded on an undefined mackerel “Salala” off Fiji island. [6]

Fiji Country in Oceania

Fiji, officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean about 1,100 nautical miles northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec Islands to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast, and Tuvalu to the north. Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands—of which 110 are permanently inhabited—and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of about 18,300 square kilometres (7,100 sq mi). The most outlying island is Ono-i-Lau. The two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, account for 87% of the total population of 898,760. The capital, Suva, on Viti Levu, serves as the country's principal cruise-ship port. About three-quarters of Fijians live on Viti Levu's coasts, either in Suva or in smaller urban centres such as Nadi—where tourism is the major local industry—or Lautoka, where the sugar-cane industry is paramount. Due to its terrain, the interior of Viti Levu is sparsely inhabited.

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Chauhan, B.S. (1945) Trematodes from Indian Marine fishes Part I. On Some New Monogenetic Trematodes of the Sub-orders Monopisthocotylea Odhner, 1912 and Polyopisthocotylea Odhner, 1912. Indian Acad.Sci.SectionB, 21, 129-159. PDF Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  2. ↑ Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2019). FishBase. Chrysophrys berda (Forsskål, 1775). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=314088 on 2019-03-05
  3. ↑ Lebedev, B.I. (1985) On the Taxonomic Position of the Monogenean, Pseudaxine mexicana Meserve, 1938. 77.
  4. ↑ Lebedev, B.I. (1986) Monogenea suborder Gastrocotylinea. Akademiya Nauka: Leningrad.
  5. ↑ Lebedev, B.I. (1977) Two new species of monogeneans from fishes of Indo-Pacific waters wilh notes concerning the genera Pseudaxine and Pseudaxinoides. Excerta parasitologica en memoria del Dr.Eduardo Caballero y Cabellero., 4, 69-78.
  6. ↑ Manter, H.W. & Prince, D.F. (1953) Some Monogenetic Trematodes f Marine Fishes from Figi. Helminthological Society, 20, 105-112. PDF Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
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