Sparidae

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Sparidae
Temporal range: Early Eocene to present
Goldbrasse - 9379.jpg
Gilt-head bream (Sparus auratus)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Spariformes
Family: Sparidae
Rafinesque, 1810 [1]
Genera

see text

Synonyms [2] [1]
  • Centracanthidae Gill, 1893

Sparidae is a family of ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Spariformes, the sea breams and porgies, although they were traditionally classified in the order Perciformes. They are found in shallow temperate and tropical waters around the world and are demersal carnivores.

Contents

Taxonomy

Sparidae was first proposed as a family in 1818 by the French polymath and naturalist Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. [1] Traditionally the taxa within the Spariformes were classified within the Perciformes, with some authorities using the term "Sparoid lineage" for the families Centracanthidae, Nemipteridae, Lethrinidae and Sparidae. [3] Since then the use of molecular phylogenetics in more modern classifications has meant that the Spariformes is recognised as a valid order within the Percomorpha containing six families, with Callanthidae, Sillaginidae and Lobotidae included. [2] Other workers have found that the Centracanthidae is synonymous with Sparidae and that the Spariformes contains only the remaining three families of the "Sparoid lineage". [4]

In the past workers recognised six subfamilies within the Sparidae. These were Boopsinae, Denticinae, Diplodinae, Pagellinae, Pagrinae, and Sparinae. However, these taxa did not resolve as monophyletic in all the analyses undertaken. These analyses support Sparidae as a monophyletic family if Spicara , a genus formerly in the family Centracanthidae, was included. This meant that Spicara and Centracanthus were both now classified within Sparidae, so that Centracanthidae is a junior synonym of Sparidae. [2]

Etymology

Sparidae takes its name from its type genus, Sparus, that name coming from the Greek for its only species the gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata). [5]

Genera

Pagrus major, or madai, is an important food fish in Japan Red sea bream.jpg
Pagrus major , or madai, is an important food fish in Japan
Dentex fourmanoiri Dentex fourmanoiri.jpg
Dentex fourmanoiri
Pagrus auratus Snapper03 melb aquarium.jpg
Pagrus auratus

The family Sparidae contains about 155 species in 38 genera:

Fossil genera include: [7] [8] [9]

Characteristics

Sparidae breams have oblong, moderately deep and compressed bodies. The head is large, with a characteristic steep dorsal slant. There are no scales on the snout but there are scales on the cheeks. The preoperculum may or may not have scales and has no spines or serrations on its margin. The operculum is scaled and also has no spines. The mouth is slightly oblique and can be protruded a little. The upper jaw never extends back past a vertical line through the centre of the eye. There are teeth in the jaws which vary from conical or flattened but there are no teeth on the roof of the mouth. Thre is one dorsal fin which is supported by between 10 and 13 spines and 9 and 17 soft rays, with the ultimate ray being split into 2, and no incision separated the spines from the soft rays. The rearmost spines in the dorsal fin may be elongated or filamentous. The anal fin is supported by 3 robust spines and between 7 and 15 soft rays. The caudal fin varies from moderately deeply emarginate to forked. The pectoral fins are typically long and pointed and the pelvic fins are under or immediately to the rear of the bases of the pectoral fins, supported a single spine and 5 soft rays, with an scale in the axilla , referred to as the axillary pelvic process. The scales are typically smooth, cycloid, or slightly rough to the touch, weakly ctenoid, The lateral line is single and continuous and reached the base of the caudal fin. They are very variable in colour and may be pinkish or reddish to yellowish or greyish, frequently with tints of silver or gold and dark or coloured spots, stripes or bars. [11] The two largest species of Sparid are the white steenbras (Lithognathus lithognathus) and the red steenbras ( Petrus rupestris ), both of which have a maximum published total length of 200 cm (79 in), while the smallest species is the cherry seabream ( Polysteganus cerasinus ). [12]

Distribution and habitat

Sparidae breams are found in tropical and temperate coastal waters around the world. [2] They are demersal fishes on the continental shelf and slope. [11] A few species are found in brackish water, and a few of these will enter fresh water. [2]

Biology

Sparidae breams are predatory with most feeding on benthic invertebrates. [12] Smaller species in the family usually gather in schools, as do the juveniles of the larger species. The larger adult fishes are normally solitary or, at least, are less sociable and prefer deeper waters. The juveniles and subadults are often markedly different in shape and colour patterns, and may be much more colourful. Many sparids are hermaphroditic and some have both male and female sex organs at the same time. Others change sex as the grow, either changing from male to female, i.e. protandrous. or from female to male, protogynous. [13]

Fisheries

Sparids are highly regarded as food fish and are important target species for commercial fisheries wherever they occur. Between 1990 and 1995, the FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics reported that the annual weight of landings was between 2,170 and 4,020 t (2,140 and 3,960 long tons; 2,390 and 4,430 short tons) of sparids in the Western Central Pacific. [11]

Cookery

The most celebrated of the breams in cookery are the gilt-head bream and the common dentex. [14]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lethrinidae</span> Family of fishes

Lethrinidae are a family of ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Spariformes commonly known as emperors, emperor breams, and pigface breams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nemipteridae</span> Family of fishes

Nemipteridae, the threadfin breams, whiptail breams, or Sultan Ibrahim, is a family of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Spariformes. These fishes are found in the Indo-West Pacific region.

<i>Lithognathus</i> Genus of fishes

Lithognathus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. Species in this genus are given the common name of steenbras. The genus is found in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean from southwestern Europe to South Africa and into the southwestern Indian Ocean.

<i>Argyrops spinifer</i> Species of fish

Argyrops spinifer, the king soldierbream, Bowen snapper, long-spined red bream, longfin snapper, longspine seabream and red bokako, It is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae. This species is found in the Indian Ocean.

<i>Centracanthus cirrus</i> Species of fish

Centracanthus cirrus, the curled picarel, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, the seabreams and porgies. This fish is found in the temperate Eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It is the only extant species in the genus Centracanthus. This species is of minor importance to commercial fisheries.

<i>Centracanthus</i> Genus of fishes

Centracanthus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Sparidae, the seabreams and porgies. There is a single extant species in this genus, as well as an extinct species classified within the genus. The extant species is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea.

<i>Spicara</i> Genus of fishes

Spicara is a genus of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. These fishes are found in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The species in the genus are known as picarels.

<i>Lethrinus</i> Genus of fishes

Lethrinus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Lethrinidae, the emperors and emperor breams. These fishes are mostly found in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans, with a single species in the eastern Atlantic Ocean.

<i>Acanthopagrus</i> Genus of fishes

Acanthopagrus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Sparidae, the sea breams and porgies. The fish in this genus are found in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans.

<i>Rhabdosargus</i> Genus of fishes

Rhabdosargus is a genus of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. These fishes are found in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean and throughout the Indo-West Pacific, although mainly in the western Indian Ocean.

<i>Dentex</i> Genus of fishes

Dentex is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. The fishes in this genus are found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the eastern Indian and Western Pacific Oceans.

<i>Cheimerius</i> Genus of fishes

Cheimerius is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, the seabreams and porgies. The only species in the genus is Cheimerius nufar, the santer seabream, santer or soldier, of the Indian Ocean.

Amamiichthys is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, the seabreams and porgies. Its only species is Amamiichthys matsubarai, the Japanese blue-spotted seabream or hosheirenko. This species is endemic to the Amami Islands of southern Japan.

<i>Argyrops</i> Genus of fishes

Argyrops is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Sparidae, the seabreams and porgies. These fishes are found in the coasts of Indian Ocean and near Australia.

<i>Crenidens indicus</i> Species of ray-finned fish

Crenidens indicus. Day's karanteen bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This species is found in the Indian Ocean.

<i>Argyrops bleekeri</i> Species of fish

Argyrops bleekeri, also known as Taiwan tai, frypan bream, Bowen snapper, frypan snapper, king soldier bream, longfin snapper or longspine snapper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, the seabreams and porgies. This species is found in the western Pacific Ocean.

<i>Chrysoblephus</i> Genus of fish

Chrysoblephus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Sparidae, the sea breams and porgies. The fish in this genus are found in the western Indian Ocean and southeastern Atlantic Ocean.

<i>Spicara axillare</i> Species of fish

Spicara axillare, the windtoy, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, the seabreams and porgies. This species is found in the Western Indian Ocean and is endemic to South Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spariformes</span> Order of fishes

Spariformes is an order of ray-finned fishes consisting of 6 families within the series Percomorpha.

<i>Acanthopagrus bifasciatus</i> Species of fish

Acanthopagrus bifasciatus, the twobar seabream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, the sea breams and porgies. This species is found in the northwestern Indian Ocean.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 1–230. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 . PMID   25543675.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 502–506. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN   978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN   2015037522. OCLC   951899884. OL   25909650M.
  3. ↑ Kent E. Carpenter and G. David Johnson (2002). "A phylogeny of sparoid fishes (Perciformes, Percoidei) based on morphology". Ichthyological Research. 49 (2): 114–127. doi:10.1007/s102280200015.
  4. ↑ Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162). doi: 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 . PMC   5501477 .
  5. ↑ "Order SPARIFORMES: Families LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  6. ↑ Tanaka, F.; Iwatsuki, Y. (2015). "Amamiichthys, a new genus for the sparid fish Cheimerius matsubarai Akazaki 1962, and redescription of the species, with designation of a neotype". Zootaxa. 4007 (2): 195–206. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4007.2.3.
  7. ↑ "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
  8. ↑ Carnevale, G.; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Marramà, G.; Tyler, James C.; Zorzin., R. (2014). "The Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätte: A window into the Eocene World. 5. The Pesciara- Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and other vertebrates. Excursion guide" (PDF). Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 4 (1): i–xxvii. hdl:10088/25678.
  9. ↑ Day, Julia J. (2002). "Evolutionary relationships of the Sparidae (Teleostei: Percoidei): integrating fossil and Recent data". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 93 (4): 333–353. doi:10.1017/S0263593300000468. ISSN   1473-7116.
  10. ↑ Dobbels, Leon (1994). "Soortenlijst van fossiele vissen uit het Eoceen van België" (PDF). Afzettingen WTKG. 15 (4).
  11. 1 2 3 K.E. Carpenter (2001). "Sparidae". In Carpenter, K.E. and Niem, V.H. (eds.). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae) (PDF). FAO Rome. p. 2990.
  12. 1 2 Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2023). "Sparidae" in FishBase . October 2023 version.
  13. ↑ Yukio Iwatsuki and Phillip C Heemstra (2022). "Family Sparidae". In Phillip C Heemstra; Elaine Heemstra; David A Ebert; Wouter Holleman; and John E Randall (eds.). Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean (PDF). Vol. 3. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. pp. 284–315. ISBN   978-1-990951-32-9.
  14. ↑ Davidson, A. Mediterranean Seafood, Penguin, 1972. ISBN   0-14-046174-4, pp. 86–108.
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