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In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation.
Krill are small and exclusively marine crustaceans of the order Euphausiacea, found in all the world's oceans. The name "krill" comes from the Norwegian word krill, meaning "small fry of fish", which is also often attributed to species of fish.
Anisakis is a genus of parasitic nematodes that have life cycles involving fish and marine mammals. They are infective to humans and cause anisakiasis. People who produce immunoglobulin E in response to this parasite may subsequently have an allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis, after eating fish infected with Anisakis species.
Parasitoid wasps are a large group of hymenopteran superfamilies, with all but the wood wasps (Orussoidea) being in the wasp-waisted Apocrita. As parasitoids, they lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other arthropods, sooner or later causing the death of these hosts. Different species specialise in hosts from different insect orders, most often Lepidoptera, though some select beetles, flies, or bugs; the spider wasps (Pompilidae) exclusively attack spiders.
Karyorelictea is a class of ciliates in the subphylum Postciliodesmatophora. Most species are members of the microbenthos community, that is, microscopic organisms found in the marine interstitial habitat, though one genus, Loxodes, is found in freshwater.
Perkinsids are single-celled protists that live as intracellular parasites of a variety of other organisms. They are classified as the class Perkinsea within the monotypic phylum Perkinsozoa. It is part of the eukaryotic supergroup Alveolata, along with dinoflagellates, their closest relatives, and another parasitic group known as Apicomplexa. Perkinsids are found in aquatic environments, as parasites of dinoflagellates and various animals.
Parvilucifera is a genus of marine alveolates that behave as endoparasites of dinoflagellates. It was described in 1999 by biologists Fredrik Norén and Øjvind Moestrup, who identified the genus among collections of Dinophysis dinoflagellates off the coast of Sweden. Initially mistaken for products of sexual reproduction, the round bodies found within these collections were eventually recognized as sporangia, spherical structures that generate zoospores of a parasitic protist. This organism was later identified as P. infectans, the type species. The examination of this organism and its close genetic relationship to Perkinsus led to the creation of the Perkinsozoa phylum within the Alveolata group.
Arsenophonus nasoniae is a species of bacterium which was previously isolated from Nasonia vitripennis, a species of parasitoid wasp. These wasps are generalists which afflict the larvae of parasitic carrion flies such as blowflies, houseflies and flesh flies. A. nasoniae belongs to the phylum Pseudomonadota and family Morganellaceae. The genus Arsenophonus, has a close relationship to the Proteus (bacterium) rather than to that of Salmonella and Escherichia. The genus is composed of gammaproteobacterial, secondary-endosymbionts which are gram-negative. Cells are non-flagellated, non-motile, non-spore forming and form long to highly filamentous rods. Cellular division is exhibited through septation. The name 'Arsenophonus nasoniae gen. nov., sp. nov.' was therefore proposed for the discovered bacterium due to its characteristics and its microbial interaction with N. vitripennis. The type strain of A. nasoniae is Strain SKI4.
Colliniidae is a family of ciliates of the order Apostomatida.
Pseudocollinia is a genus of parasitoid ciliate of the Colliniidae family.
Collinia is a genus of parasitoid ciliates of the Colliniidae family.
Collinia beringensis is a species of parasitoid ciliates of the Colliniidae family. It is an endoparasite of Thysanoessa inermis, a species of krill.
Collinia oregonensis is a species of parasitoid ciliates of the Colliniidae family. It is known to infect the krill Euphausia pacifica, Thysanoessa spinifera, and Thysanoessa gregaria off the coast of Oregon and Washington. It caused a mass mortality of E. pacifica in June 2001 at the base of Astoria Canyon.
Chromidina is a genus of apostome ciliates of the family Opalinopsidae. Species of Chromidina are parasitic in the renal and pancreatic appendages of cephalopods.
Miamiensis avidus is a species of unicellular marine eukaryote that is a parasite of many different types of fish. It is one of several organisms known to cause the fish disease scuticociliatosis and is considered an economically significant pathogen of farmed fish. M. avidus is believed to be the cause of a 2017 die-off of fish and sharks in the San Francisco Bay.
Human alphaherpesvirus 1 or Herpes simplex virus 1 is a species of virus in the genus Simplexvirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, and order Herpesvirales.
Geleia is a genus of karyorelict ciliates in the family Geleiidae.
Cuspicona simplex, commonly known as the green potato bug, is a herbivorous species of stink bug native to Australia and introduced to New Zealand. It feeds on nightshades. It is primarily known as a pest of potatoes, tomatoes, and other crops in the nightshade family.
Holosticha is a genus of littoral ciliates.
Parviluciferaceae is a family of perkinsozoans, a group of endoparasitic protists present in aquatic environments.
References
- ↑ Gómez-Gutiérrez, J.; Strüder-Kypke, MC; Lynn, DH; Shaw, TC; Aguilar-Méndez, MJ; López-Cortés, A.; Martínez-Gómez, S.; Robinson, CJ (May 2012). "Pseudocollinia brintoni gen. nov., sp. nov.(Apostomatida: Colliniidae), a parasitoid ciliate infecting the euphausiid Nyctiphanes simplex". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 99 (1): 57–78. doi: 10.3354/dao02450 . PMID 22585303.
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