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Non-coding DNA sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional non-coding RNA molecules. Other functions of non-coding DNA include the transcriptional and translational regulation of protein-coding sequences, scaffold attachment regions, origins of DNA replication, centromeres and telomeres. Its RNA counterpart is non-coding RNA.
Pseudogenes are nonfunctional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes. Most arise as superfluous copies of functional genes, either directly by DNA duplication or indirectly by reverse transcription of an mRNA transcript. Pseudogenes are usually identified when genome sequence analysis finds gene-like sequences that lack regulatory sequences needed for transcription or translation, or whose coding sequences are obviously defective due to frameshifts or premature stop codons.
A gene family is a set of several similar genes, formed by duplication of a single original gene, and generally with similar biochemical functions. One such family are the genes for human hemoglobin subunits; the ten genes are in two clusters on different chromosomes, called the α-globin and β-globin loci. These two gene clusters are thought to have arisen as a result of a precursor gene being duplicated approximately 500 million years ago.
In computational biology, gene prediction or gene finding refers to the process of identifying the regions of genomic DNA that encode genes. This includes protein-coding genes as well as RNA genes, but may also include prediction of other functional elements such as regulatory regions. Gene finding is one of the first and most important steps in understanding the genome of a species once it has been sequenced.
The argument from poor design, also known as the dysteleological argument, is an argument against the assumption of the existence of a creator God, based on the reasoning that any omnipotent and omnibenevolent deity or deities would not create (say) organisms with the perceived suboptimal designs that occur in nature.
The plain-backed sparrow, also called the Pegu sparrow or olive-backed sparrow, is a sparrow found in Southeast Asia. Its range spans from Myanmar to central Vietnam, and south to the western part of Peninsular Malaysia.
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), sometimes referred to as trace amine receptors, are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that were discovered in 2001. TAAR1, the first of six functional human TAARs, has gained considerable interest in academic and proprietary pharmaceutical research due to its role as the endogenous receptor for the trace amines phenylethylamine, tyramine, and tryptamine – metabolic derivatives of the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, respectively – ephedrine, as well as the synthetic psychostimulants, amphetamine, methamphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine. In 2004, it was shown that mammalian TAAR1 is also a receptor for thyronamines, decarboxylated and deiodinated relatives of thyroid hormones. TAAR2–TAAR9 function as olfactory receptors for volatile amine odorants in vertebrates.
Human type I interferons (IFNs) are a large subgroup of interferon proteins that help regulate the activity of the immune system.
Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 2, also known as TRPC2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC2 pseudogene. This protein is not expressed in humans but is in certain other species such as mouse.
39S ribosomal protein L30, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL30 gene.
28S ribosomal protein S33, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS33 gene.
28S ribosomal protein S21, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS21 gene.
28S ribosomal protein S25, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS25 gene.
39S ribosomal protein L10, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL10 gene.
Chloride channel accessory 3, also known as CLCA3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CLCA3P pseudogene. The protein encoded by this gene is a chloride channel. According to the HGNC, this protein is not expressed in humans but is in certain other species such as mouse. However, some conflicting reports state that human cells produce and glycosylate this protein.
A conserved non-coding sequence (CNS) is a DNA sequence of noncoding DNA that is evolutionarily conserved. These sequences are of interest for their potential to regulate gene production.
WormBase is an online biological database about the biology and genome of the nematode model organism Caenorhabditis elegans and contains information about other related nematodes. WormBase is used by the C. elegans research community both as an information resource and as a place to publish and distribute their results. The database is regularly updated with new versions being released every two months. WormBase is one of the organizations participating in the Generic Model Organism Database (GMOD) project.
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2 pseudogene 1 (eEF1B1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1B2P1 gene.
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2 pseudogene 2 (eEF1B3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1B2P2 gene.
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2 pseudogene 3 (eEF1B4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1B2P3 gene.
References
- ↑ Bezark, Larry G. Catalogue Dorcasominae.pdf. Retrieved on 22 May 2012.
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