Queen of the Lakes

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MV Paul R. Tregurtha, holder of the title Queen of the Lakes since 1981 Duluth Trip - May 2014 - MV Paul R. Tregurtha arrives in Duluth (13987799179).jpg
MV Paul R. Tregurtha, holder of the title Queen of the Lakes since 1981

Queen of the Lakes is an unofficial but widely recognized title bestowed upon vessels on the Great Lakes of the United States and Canada, honoring the longest vessel currently in service on the lakes. A number of vessels, mostly lake freighters, have been known by the title. Since 1981, the title has been held by MV Paul R. Tregurtha, a lake freighter of the 1000-foot category operated by the Interlake Steamship Company. MV Paul R. Tregurtha is 1,013.5 ft (308.9 m) long, and is the longest-running holder of the title. [1]

Contents

History of name

Queen of the Lakes has been used as the name of three vessels that sailed on the Great Lakes, but none was the longest on the lakes at the time. The first was a three-masted Canadian schooner built in 1853 as Robert Taylor, measuring 133 feet (41 m). It was renamed Queen of the Lakes sometime before 1864. [2] She sank nine miles (14 km) off Sodus Point, New York on November 28, 1906. The second was a propeller-driven vessel launched in Cleveland Ohio, on May 12, 1853, measuring 196 feet (60 m). She was lost to fire in port on June 17, 1869. [3] The third was a small side-wheel steamer built in Wyandotte, Michigan in 1872, measuring 108 feet (33 m). While anchored near South Manitou Island she caught fire and burned in 1898. The iron hull was later scrapped. [4]

The title has also been bestowed upon vessels that were especially liked [5] or those considered to be especially beautiful or richly appointed. Such was the case as late as 1949, at which time Noronic was so honored. [6] It has been applied to the United States Coast Guard cutter Mackinaw for its long and significant role in facilitating Great Lakes shipping and safety. [7] The most common use of the title, however, at least since the early 1940s, is to honor the largest vessel on the lakes. On April 20, 1841, the Detroit Free Press referred to the steamer Illinois as "Queen of the Waters", [8] but given that three vessels in that century were named Queen of the Lakes, its use as a title for the longest ship was not then common. The title is applied retroactively to vessels launched before this use of the title became popular. While some use gross tonnage, capacity, or length between perpendiculars as the criterion, the most commonly accepted standard is length overall (LOA). This article uses LOA as the standard.

Early Queens

Le Griffon, first full-size sailing ship on the Great Lakes, 1679 Le Griffon.jpg
Le Griffon, first full-size sailing ship on the Great Lakes, 1679

The earliest vessels on the Great Lakes were human powered canoes and bateaux. Sources differ as to what vessel qualifies as the first real "ship" on the lakes. Many say it was Le Griffon, built by LaSalle through the winter and spring of 1678 and 1679, and launched in May of that year to sail the upper lakes (above Niagara). Reports of its size vary from 40 to 70 feet (12 to 21 m) long. Contemporary chroniclers called it both a bark and a brigantine. Le Griffon was soon lost. It was last seen on September 18, 1679 and was lost with all hands. Her final location is unknown. Those who consider Le Griffon to have been the first ship on the lakes—and hence, the first Queen—also consider her to have been the first lost. [9]

Other sources say the first ship was a smaller vessel built by LaSalle at Fort Frontenac beginning in September 1678, for the purpose of conveying supplies and material to Niagara. This vessel, which is called Frontenac in some reports, [10] is said to have been about 10 tons burthen, measuring from 35 to 45 feet (11 to 14 m) long. Expedition journalists called it a brigantine. It departed Fort Frontenac under La Motte's and Louis Hennepin's leadership on November 18, 1678, and arrived at the east bank of the Niagara River on December 6, 1679. Shortly thereafter, LaSalle and Tonty came with more supplies, and their vessel (carrying the anchor, rigging, and guns for Le Griffon) foundered in the surf less than thirty miles (48 km) from Niagara. Hennepin called this vessel a "great bark." One source says the loss occurred on January 8, 1679. Supplies and extra clothing were lost, but LaSalle and his men rescued material for the ship, dragged them to the mouth of the Niagara, rested a few days in an Indian village, and arrived at the settlement above the falls on January 20. [11] Some say the lost vessel was Frontenac. Historian Francis Parkman says that by 1677, there were already four vessels on Lake Ontario between 25 and 40 tons burthen. [12] He does not say if any of them were named. Tonty's journal indicates that the vessel he and LaSalle used was a 40-ton vessel, but he does not associate a name with it. [13]

Records of ship sizes on the lakes between 1678 and 1816 are rare. According to the Detroit Tribune , the vessels Gladwin, Lady Charlotte, Victory, and Boston were on the lakes in 1766 and Brunswick, Enterprise, and Charity were launched in 1767, 1769, and 1770, respectively, but no dimensions are given. [14] HMS Ontario, at 80 feet (24 m), was launched on Lake Ontario on May 10, 1780, and sank in a storm on October 31, that same year. [15] A history of Washington Island in Door County, Wisconsin notes that the schooner Washington, used to supply the fitting out of Fort Howard at the head of Green Bay in 1816, was the longest ship on the lakes at the time, but no details are given. [16]

A succession of Queens

Frontenac, Queen of the Lakes from 1816 to 1827 Great Lakes Steamship Frontenac.jpg
Frontenac, Queen of the Lakes from 1816 to 1827

On September 7, 1816, the steamer Frontenac was launched. She was fitted out as both a schooner and a side-wheel steamer and designed for both passenger and freight transport. At 170 feet (52 m) she laid claim to the honor of longest active vessel [i] on the lakes, though she saw service only on Lake Ontario. She was scrapped at Niagara in 1827, and the next verifiable Queen was not launched until 1830.

SS Christopher Columbus, Queen of the Lakes from 1892 to 1893 Christopher Columbus whaleback Sprague painting.jpg
SS Christopher Columbus, Queen of the Lakes from 1892 to 1893

The chart below identifies the succession of vessels known to qualify as Queen of the Lakes from 1813 to the present. The succession of queens is not known to be continuous before David Dows. Those from Frontenac through City of Buffalo were side-wheel steamships, though Michigan, like Frontenac was dual fitted as an operational schooner. The heyday of the luxurious passenger steamers was waning even as some of them were launched. Mississippi, Plymouth Rock, and Western World were all out of service by 1859, and the Queens that had not already been lost by 1862 were rebuilt as barges or schooners or dismantled within a year. Nebraska was a propeller-driven steamer for freight and passenger use, but given what had happened to her predecessors, she was likely not so richly appointed. In 1904, Nebraska was refitted as a lumber carrier, after which time she resembled a classic bulk carrier. David Dows was a 5-masted schooner used primarily for transporting wheat. Susquehanna, Owego, and Chemung were propeller-driven package freighters. The whaleback Christopher Columbus was a celebrated passenger vessel. Onoko and all other vessels from Curry on were or are propeller-driven bulk carriers.

The steamship Quebec, launched in 1865, appears in lists of Great Lakes vessels. At 283 feet, she was longer than both Nebraska and David Dows, but her service was on the St. Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec, not on the Great Lakes proper. She continued in service for many years and was dismantled in 1938.

Queen of the Lakes: 1813 to present
ShipReign beginsReign endsLength (ft)Length (m)Vessel typeLaunchedFinal dispositionDateNotes
USS General Pike June 12, 1813May 2, 181414544.2CorvetteJune 12, 1813sold1825 
USS Superior May 2, 1814September 10, 1814unknown [ii] unknownFrigateMay 2, 1814sold1824not active after the war [iii]
HMS St Lawrence September 10, 1814undetermined [iv] 194  2 59.2 [v] First-rate ship [vi] September 10, 1814sold [vii] 1832British
Washingtonundetermined1816unknownunknownSloopunknownunknownunknownName of Washington Island traced to this ship
Frontenac September 7, 1816undetermined17051.8Side-wheel steamer/schoonerSeptember 7, 1816scrapped, Niagara, New York1827First steamboat on the lakes; Canadian
Great BritainOctober 16, 1830undetermined147 or 16044.8 or 48.8 [viii] Side-wheel steamerOctober 16, 1830converted to barque1845Canadian
George WashingtonSeptember 1, 1833October 9, 183318054.9 [20] Side-wheel steamerSeptember 1, 1833aground and broke, Long Point, Lake ErieOctober 9, 1833sank on third trip
MichiganOctober 9, 1833undetermined15647.5Side-wheel steamer/schoonerSeptember 30, 1833dismantled1855First to have passenger deck above main deck
James Madison [ix] December 13, 1836August 2, 183718155.2Side-wheel steamerDecember 13, 1836   
BuffaloAugust 2, 1837September 23, 183719459.1Side-wheel steamerAugust 2, 1837   
IllinoisSeptember 23, 1837undetermined20562.5Side-wheel steamerSeptember 23, 1837dismantled1849 
EmpireJune 5, 1844 [22] 184826580.8Side-wheel steamerJune 5, 1844grounded and broke apartNovember 16, 1870World's largest steamboat [23]
Atlantic1848184926781.4Side-wheel steamer1848Sank after collisionAugust 19, 1852 
Mayflower 1849185328586.9Side-wheel steamer1849grounded in fogNovember 29, 1854 
Mississippi18531854326.6699.6Side-wheel steamer1853dismantled1862 
Plymouth RockMarch 21, 1854 [24] April 18, 1854335.5102.3Side-wheel steamerMarch 21, 1854dismantledMay 1863 
Western WorldApril 18, 1854 [25] 1863337102.7Side-wheel steamerApril 18, 1854converted to dry dock1863Largest in world at launch
City of Buffalo [x] April 11, 1857 [26] July 30, 1866340103.6 [xi] Side-wheel steamer [xii] April 11, 1857burned; Buffalo, New YorkJuly 30, 1866 [28]
(reverts to Empire ?) undetermined26580.8rebuilt as sloop/barge 1862 [29]     
Nebraska1867undetermined267.3381.5Propeller steamer1867burned at South ManitouOctober 4, 1904rebuilt August 1904 as lumber carrier
David DowsApril 21, 1881February 16, 188227884.75-masted schoonerApril 21, 1881sank in 35 ft (11 m) of waterNovember 29, 1899 
Onoko February 16, 1882November 6, 188430292.0Bulk carrierFebruary 16, 1882sankAugust 14, 1915First iron Queen
SS Lansdowne November 6, 1884August 4, 188631295.1Sidewheel rail ferryNovember 6, 1886scrappedApril 2009Iron hulled rail ferry
SusquehannaAugust 4, 1886July 7, 1887326  6 99.5Package freighterAugust 4, 1886scrapped1926 
OwegoJuly 7, 1887December 3, 1892350  7 106.9Package freighterJuly 7, 1887sank in China1944 
ChemungFebruary 29, 1888(shared)350  7 106.9Package freighterFebruary 29, 1888torpedoed in the Mediterranean SeaNovember 26, 1916 
Christopher Columbus December 3, 1892April 29, 1893362110.3Whaleback passengerDecember 3, 1892scrapped, Manitowoc, Wisconsin1936 
CurryApril 29, 1893June 29, 1895377  6 115.1Bulk carrierApril 29, 1893scrapped, Fairport, Ontario1937 
MeridaMay 1, 1893(shared)377  6 115.1Bulk carrierMay 1, 1893sank in stormOctober 20, 1916 
CenturionAugust 30, 1893(shared)377  6 115.1bulk carrierAugust 30, 1893scrapped, Hamilton, Ontario1947 
VictoryJune 29, 1895December 23, 1895398121.3Bulk carrierJune 29, 1895sunk as breakwaterJuly 21, 1969 
Zenith CityAugust 16, 1895(shared)398121.3Bulk carrierAugust 16, 1895scrapped, Hamilton, Ontario1947 
W. D. ReesDecember 23, 1895February 22, 1896413125.9Bulk carrierDecember 23, 1895scrapped, Lackawanna, New York1955 
CoraliaFebruary 22, 1896August 1, 1896432131.7Bulk carrierFebruary 22, 1896scrapped, Hamilton, Ontario1964 
Sir Henry BessemerMay 5, 1896(shared)432131.7Bulk carrierMay 5, 1896scrapped, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin1971 
Sir William SiemensJuly 25, 1896(shared)432131.7Bulk carrierJuly 25, 1896sank in collisionApril 27, 1944 
Sir William FairbairnAugust 1, 1896April 13, 1898445135.6Bulk carrierAugust 1, 1896scrapped  
Robert FultonSeptember 10, 1896(shared)445135.6bulk carrierSeptember 10, 1896scrapped, Hamilton, Ontario1948 
Superior City April 13, 1898July 31, 1898450137.2Bulk carrierApril 13, 1898sank in collisionAugust 20, 1920 
Samuel F.B. MorseJuly 31, 1898January 20, 1900475144.8Bulk carrierJuly 31, 1898scrapped, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin1975 
Douglas HoughtonJune 3, 1899(shared)475144.8Bulk carrierJune 3, 1898sunk as breakwater, Toronto1969 
John W. GatesJanuary 20, 1900April 9, 1904497151.5Bulk carrierJanuary 20, 1900scrapped, Conneaut, Ontario1961 
James J. HillJanuary 24, 1900(shared)497151.5Bulk carrierJanuary 24, 1900sunk as breakwater, Cleveland, Ohio1961 
Isaac L. EllwoodMay 5, 1900(shared)497151.5Bulk carrierMay 5, 1900scrapped, Conneaut, Ontario1961 
William Edenborn May 20, 1900(shared)497151.5Bulk carrierMay 20, 1900sunk as breakwater, Cleveland, Ohio1961 
Augustus B. Wolvin April 9, 1904May 8, 1905560170.7Bulk carrierApril 9, 1904scrapped, Santander, SpainSeptember 24, 1967First to have telescoping steel hatch covers
Elbert H. Gary May 8, 1905May 26, 1906569173.4Bulk carrierMay 8, 1905scrapped, Santander, SpainJuly 1973 
William E. Corey June 24, 1905(shared)569173.4Bulk carrierJune 24, 1905sunk as breakwater, Port Credit, Ontario1970 
George W. PerkinsJune 26, 1905(shared)569173.4Bulk carrierJune 26, 1905scrapped, Ashtabula, OhioNovember 3, 1981 
Henry C. FrickAugust 26, 1905(shared)569173.4Bulk carrierAugust 26, 1905sank on way to scrapperNovember 15, 1972 
J. Pierpont Morgan May 26, 1906August 18, 1906601183.2Bulk carrierMay 26, 1906scrapped, Lauzon, QuebecMarch 30, 1979First "standard design"
Henry H. RogersJune 16, 1906(shared)601183.2Bulk carrierJune 16, 1906scrapped, Duluth, Minnesota1975 
Norman B. ReamAugust 18, 1906(shared)601183.2bulk carrierAugust 18, 1906scrapped, Turkey1990 
Edward Y. Townsend August 18, 1906December 29, 1906603183.8Bulk carrierAugust 18, 1906sank on way to scrapperOctober 7, 1968 
Daniel J. Morrell August 22, 1906December 29, 1906603183.8bulk carrierAugust 22, 1906sank in a stormNovember 29, 1966 
William B. KerrDecember 29, 1906May 1, 1909605  9 184.6bulk carrierDec. 29. 1906scrapped, Santander, SpainJuly 21, 1974 
Legrande S. DeGraffMay 1, 1907(shared)605  9 184.6bulk carrierMay 1, 1907scrapped1975 
William M. MillsJuly 17, 1907(shared)605  9 184.6bulk carrierJuly 17, 1907scrapped1976 
ShenangoMay 1, 1909July 1, 1911606184.7bulk carrierMay 1, 1909scrapped, Port Maitland, OntarioNovember 1, 1984 
SS Col. James M. Schoonmaker July 1, 1911April 14, 1914617188.1bulk carrierJuly 1, 1911later named SS Willis B. Boyer, now a museum ship as SS Col. James M. Schoonmaker in Toledo, OhioOut of service, 1980; Museum ship, 1987Oldest Queen still afloat
William P. Snyder Jr.January 27, 1912(shared)617188.1bulk carrierJanuary 27, 1912scrapped, Port Colborne, Ont.Jan. 1988
W. Grant MordenApril 14, 1914June 23, 1926625190.5bulk carrierApril 14, 1914scrapped, Bilbao, SpainJuly 12, 1969 
Glenmohr/LemoyneJune 23, 1926April 9, 1927634193.2bulk carrierJune 23, 1926scrapped, Santander, SpainJune 1969Third Canadian Queen
SS Carl D. Bradley April 9, 1927June 28, 1949640195.1bulk carrierApril 9, 1927sank in stormNovember 18, 1958Second longest reign
SS Wilfred SykesJune 28, 1949Nov. 1952678206.7bulk carrierJune 28, 1949still activepresentFirst streamlined design
Joseph H. Thompson Nov. 1952November 7, 1953714  3 217.7bulk carrier1944converted to barge 1991presentQueen by lengthening
T.R. McLaganNovember 7, 19531957714  6 217.8bulk carrierNovember 7, 1953scrapped, India2004renamed Oakglen
SS Cliffs Victory 1957June 7, 1958716  3 218.3bulk carrier1945scrapped, Taiwan1987Queen by lengthening
SS Edmund Fitzgerald June 7, 1958September 17, 1959729  3 222.3bulk carrierJune 7, 1958sank in stormNovember 10, 1975Largest ship to have sunk on the Lakes; Most well known Queen; most recent lake freighter to sink
Murray BaySeptember 17, 1959December 7, 1962730222.5bulk carrierSeptember 17, 1958renamed ComeaudocOut of service December 4, 1996; scrapped, Port Colborne, Canada 2002First 730 ft vessel on the Lakes
SS Arthur B. HomerNovember 7, 1959(shared)730222.5bulk carrierNovember 7, 1959scrapped1987sister ship of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald
SS Edward L. Ryerson January 26, 1960(shared)730222.5bulk carrierJanuary 26, 1960Laid up, Superior, WisconsinOut of service, 2009most streamlined
Whitefish BayNovember 16, 1960(shared)730222.5bulk carrierNovember 16, 1960ScrappedOut of service 1990s 
Red Wing1960(shared)730222.5bulk carrier1960scrapped1986 
Leecliffe HallSeptember 10, 1961(shared)730222.5bulk carrierSeptember 10, 1961sank after collisionSeptember 5, 1964 
Leon Falk, Jr.1961(shared)730222.5bulk carrier1945scrapped, Spain1985Queen by lengthening
Paul H. Carnahan1961(shared)730222.5bulk carrier1945scrapped, Taiwan1987Queen by lengthening
Pioneer Challenger1961(shared)730222.5bulk carrier1943Renamed American VictoryScrapped, Turkey, August 2018
Lake Winnipeg1961(shared)730222.5bulk carrierNovember 28, 1943scrapped, Lisbon, PortugalMay 1985Queen by lengthening
SS Walter A. Sterling 1962(shared)730222.5bulk carrier1942Renamed MV Lee A. TregurthapresentQueen by lengthening
MontrealaisApril 12, 1962(shared)730222.5bulk carrierApril 12, 1962scrapped2015 
HamiltonianApril 7, 1962(shared)730222.5bulk carrierApril 7, 1962scrapped, Alang, India1997 
Black BaySeptember 20, 1962(shared)730222.5bulk carrierSeptember 20, 1962Scrapped, India2002 
Baie St. PaulNovember 30, 1962(shared)730222.5bulk carrierNovember 30, 1962scrapped, TaiwanMay 1995 
Frankcliffe HallDecember 7, 1962April 14, 1965730  2 222.6bulk carrierDecember 7, 1962Renamed HalifaxScrapped, Turkey, June 22, 2001
Lawrencecliffe HallApril 14, 1965January 1, 1972730  4 222.6bulk carrierApril 14, 1965Renamed Canadian VentureScrapped, India, 2004
MV Stewart J. CortJanuary 1, 1972August 7, 19761,000304.8bulk carrierJanuary 1, 1972still activepresentLast "classic" Queen
Presque Isle1973(shared)1,000304.8bulk carrier1973still activepresentIntegrated barge
MV James R. Barker August 7, 1976April 25, 19811,004306.0bulk carrierAugust 7, 1976still activepresentFirst stern-ender Queen
MV Mesabi Miner February 14, 1978(shared)1,004306.0bulk carrierFebruary 14, 1978still activepresent 
George A. StinsonJuly 15, 1978(shared)1,004306.0bulk carrierJuly 15, 1978still activepresent 
Edwin H. GottJuly 19, 1978(shared)1,004306.0bulk carrierJuly 19, 1978still activepresent 
Edgar B. SpeerMay 8, 1980(shared)1,004306.0bulk carrierMay 8, 1980still activepresent 
MV William J. Delancey April 25, 1981present1,013  6 308.9bulk carrierApril 25, 1981Renamed MV Paul R. TregurthapresentLongest reigning queen
1. First with stanchion-less hold, side ballast tanks, and telescoping hatches

Notes

  1. USS Superior and HMS St Lawrence were still afloat, but were inactive.
  2. Available records indicate only her tonnage. At 1,605 tons she was 80% larger than USS General Pike. Her length, therefore, could have been about 180 feet. At her launch she was the largest ship in the U.S. Navy [17]
  3. Two other U.S. Naval vessels, USS New Orleans and USS Chippewa, were under construction at Sackett's Harbor, New York in 1815. At 204 feet and 2,805 tons they might have shared the title, but they were not finished before the end of the war and were never launched. They were sold for scrap in 1833. [18]
  4. Not active after the war
  5. This is the length of her gun deck. LOA was slightly more. At 2,305 tons she was not as large as the American vessels planned and under construction the following year.
  6. She was the only first-rate ship-of-the-line built by the British Navy for fresh water seas.
  7. See further details at HMS St Lawrence
  8. The files at BGSU say she was 147 feet. The report in [19] say she was 160 feet. Contemporary length figures sometimes refer to keel length, sometimes to deck length, sometimes to length overall. If the Kingston Chronicle figure is correct, Great Britain eclipses Michigan. The hull of Great Britain was converted to a barque in early 1845, and renamed Eleanora. The final disposition of Eleanora is not known. Links accessed March 12, 2011
  9. Thompson says that Great Western was the largest for a time, as do a number of contemporary reports. Built in 1839, at 183 feet, Great Western was the first ship with a second passenger deck. A search of transcripts of contemporary newspaper articles at [21] indicates that three other vessels were longer, even though Great Western with a wider beam had greater capacity. The Great Lakes paddle steamer Great Western is not to be confused with the oceangoing SS Great Western.
  10. Not to be confused with a later side-wheel steamer of the same name.
  11. Contemporary reports list 330, 340, and 350 feet.
  12. Dismantled in 1862 [27] her hull was converted into a propeller freighter April 11, 1864.

Citations

  1. The source of data for this article, unless otherwise cited, is the book Queen of the Lakes by Mark L. Thompson or the vessel files included in the Historical Collections of the Great Lakes Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio. Where contradictions in records have been found, the data from Mark Thompson's book has been given preference.
  2. Boatnerd Great Lakes Shipwrecks Q Archived May 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Accessed February 28, 2011
  3. Lewis, Walter Queen of the Lakes (Propeller) Maritime History of the Great Lakes, Image search; Accessed February 28, 2011
  4. BGSU Accessed February 28, 2011
  5. Modderman, Mary; March 27, 1998 Requiem for a Ferry Queen Accessed February 28, 2011
  6. Death of a Great Lakes Queen Archived February 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine LostLiners.com; Accessed February 28, 2011
  7. United States Coast Guard, April 21, 2006 "The Need for Ice Breakers on the Great Lakes". Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2011. Accessed February 28, 2011
  8. Detroit Free Press Illinois (Steamboat) 20 Apr 1841 Maritime History of the Great Lakes; Accessed March 3, 2011
  9. See LaSalle's Griffin and Thompson, pp. 13-14
  10. Mansfield, John Brandt (ed.), History of the Great Lakes, J.H. Beers & Co., Chicago, 1899, p. 81
  11. Cox, Isaac Joslin; The journeys of Rene Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle. Volume 1, (hosted by the Portal to Texas History Archived February 10, 2000, at the Wayback Machine )
  12. Parkman, Francis; LaSalle and the Discovery of the Great West; Little, Brown, & Co.; Boston; 1879; p. 109
  13. Cox, p.2
  14. About the Great Lakes Early Sail and Steam Vessels Archived February 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Accessed March 3, 2011
  15. About the Great Lakes History and Development of Great Lakes Ships Archived January 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ; Accessed March 3, 2011
  16. Eaton, Conan Bryant (1966). The Naming: A Part of the History of Washington Island. Sturgeon Bay, WI: the Door County Advocate. p. 7.
  17. Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 by David and Jeanne Heidler; Accessed March 15, 2011
  18. Ships-of-the-Line; Accessed March 20, 2011
  19. The Kingston Chronicle on May 14, 1831
  20. Cleveland Weekly Herald George Washington (Steamboat) Maritime History of the Great Lakes; Accessed March 14, 2011
  21. Maritime History of the Great Lakes
  22. Buffalo Commercial Advertiser Empire (Steamboat), 5 Jun 1844 Maritime History of the Great Lakes, Images; Accessed February 28, 2011
  23. Lewis, Walter Passenger Steamboat Empire Maritime History of the Great Lakes; Accessed February 28, 2011
  24. Buffalo Daily Republic Plymouth Rock (Steamboat) Maritime History of the Great Lakes, Images; Accessed February 28, 2011
  25. Buffalo Commercial Advertiser Western World (Steamboat), 21 Apr 1854 Maritime History of the Great Lakes, Images; Accessed February 28, 2011
  26. Buffalo Daily Republic Maritime History of the Great Lakes; Accessed March 2, 2011
  27. Buffalo Daily Courier (Maritime History of the Great Lakes; Accessed March 2, 2011)
  28. The Buffalo Post, et al Maritime History of the Great Lakes; Accessed March 2, 2011
  29. Lewis, Walter Empire (Steamboat) U8559, 10 May 1862 Maritime History of the Great Lakes, Images; Accessed February 28, 2011

Sources