Green Bay (Lake Michigan)

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Green Bay
Green Bay in Lake Michigan on April 16, 1972, cropped from AS16-118-18879.png
On April 16, 1972, taken during Apollo 16
Green Bay in Lake Michigan on April 14, 2022, rotated and cropped from ISS067-E-14016.png
On April 14, 2022, from the International Space Station
Astronaut photography of Green Bay
Relief map of USA Michigan.png
Red pog.svg
Green Bay
Greenbay.svg
Green Bay
Location Brown County, Door County, Kewaunee County, Marinette County, Oconto County (Wisconsin), Delta County, Menominee County (Michigan) [1]
Coordinates 45°01′47″N87°27′39″W / 45.02972°N 87.46083°W / 45.02972; -87.46083
Type Bay [1]
Surface elevation581 feet (177 m) [1]

Green Bay is an arm of Lake Michigan, located along the south coast of Michigan's Upper Peninsula and the east coast of Wisconsin. It is separated from the rest of the lake by the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin, the Garden Peninsula in Michigan, and the chain of islands between them, all formed by the Niagara Escarpment. Green Bay is some 120 miles (193 km) long, with a width ranging from about 10 to 20 miles (16 to 32 km); it is 1,626 square miles (4,210 km2) in area. [2]

Contents

At the southern end of the bay is the city of Green Bay, Wisconsin, where the Fox River enters the bay. The Leo Frigo Memorial Bridge (formerly known as the Tower Drive bridge) spans the point where the bay begins and the Fox River ends, as the river flows south to north into the bay. Around mid-bay are Sturgeon Bay and the Peshtigo River. The Sturgeon Bay serves the city named after the bay as a shortcut for large ships to use to bypass the Door Peninsula, while the Peshtigo River serves Peshtigo and Crivitz. Locally, the bay is called the Bay of Green Bay to distinguish it from the city.

The bay is located in parts of five counties in Wisconsin (Brown, Door, Kewaunee, Marinette, Oconto), and two in Michigan (Delta, Menominee).

History

A tall ship sailing into the mouth of the Fox River 20040723 Tall Ships Boating 08 Small Web view.jpg
A tall ship sailing into the mouth of the Fox River

Oconto is home to Copper Culture State Park, which has remains dated to around 5000-6000 BC. It is a burial ground of the Copper Culture Indians. This burial ground is considered to be the oldest cemetery in Wisconsin and one of the oldest in the nation. The Ho-Chunk believe that they were created on the shores of Green Bay at a place called Red Banks. [3]

The French Jesuit, Roman Catholic priest, and missionary, Father Claude-Jean Allouez said the first Mass in Oconto on December 3, 1669. [4]

The bay was named la baie des Puants (literally, "the bay of the Stinks") by the French explorer Jean Nicolet as shown on many French maps of the 17th and 18th centuries. According to George R. Stewart, the French received the name from their Indian guides, who called the natives living near Green Bay by a derogatory word meaning "Stinkers", thus the bay was the "Bay of the Stinkers", but this name perplexed the French, and Jacques Marquette thought the name might relate to the smell of the swamps when he explored the area in May 1673. His fellow explorer Louis Joliet, with two canoes and five voyageurs of French-Indian ancestry (Métis) were on their way to find the Mississippi River. They travelled up the Fox River, nearly to its headwaters. The French also called the bay Baie Verte, and the English kept this name as Green Bay. [5] The name of the bay in the Menominee language is Pūcīhkit, or "bay that smells like something rotting". [6]

In 1671 and 1673, Louis André and Jacques Marquette described fluctuations in the water level of the bay and discussed what they thought caused them. [7]

Ferromanganese nodules, currents, reefs, and fish

Ferromanganese nodules have been found in the bay. [8] [9] Todorokite occurs within the nodules. [10]

There are numerous reefs of exposed bedrock in the Porte des Mortes passage and in the bay. [11]

North of the peninsula, warm water from Green Bay flows into Lake Michigan on the surface, while at the same time, cold lakewater enters Green Bay deep underneath. [12]

In a study looking at fish stomach contents, walleye were found to eat between 5-6% and lake whitefish and yellow perch over the course of a year. However, south of Chambers Island, walleye eat considerably more lake whitefish in May and June. Walleye were found to eat more yellow perch on an annual basis, but not more than 15% of their overall diet during any particular month. [13]

Walleye and Lake whitefish in Green Bay for the most part do not compete for the same prey, especially south of Chambers Island. Lake whitefish and yellow perch in the bay compete strongly for the same prey south of Chambers Island, and compete moderately north of it. [14]

Environmental concerns

Areas of concern

According to the Environmental Protection Agency, "Areas of Concern are designated by the International Joint Commission as geographic areas in the Great Lakes basin having severe environmental degradation. There are 43 Areas of Concern with 26 in the United States, 17 in Canada, and five shared by the two countries."

Background

Although the lower and upper parts of the bay are separated by Chambers Island (upper right), the northeastern edge of the area of concern ends much lower into the bay at Long Tail Point (lower left). Taken by Landsat 8 on February 25, 2022. Crop of Lower Green Bay, February 25, 2022, true color Landsat-8.png
Although the lower and upper parts of the bay are separated by Chambers Island (upper right), the northeastern edge of the area of concern ends much lower into the bay at Long Tail Point (lower left). Taken by Landsat 8 on February 25, 2022.

Lower green Bay Area of Concern was designated in 1987 under the Great Lakes Water Quality agreement.

It was designated by these sources of pollution:

The seasonal dead zone in the lower part of the bay may have gotten longer from 2009 to 2015. [17]

Beneficial Use Impairments

Beneficial Use Impairments (BUI) are a change in the chemical, physical or biological integrity of the Great Lakes system sufficient to cause significant environmental degradation. The International Joint Commission identified 14 BUIs listed below. All BUIs that have been designated for an AOC, must be removed for the AOC to be considered restored and begin the delisting process.

Green Bay BUI's:

Timeline of restoration

Since 1988 over three quarters of the 120 remedial actions recommended by the lower green bay remedial action plan have been implemented or initiated.

Industrialization was a major factor regarding the Lower Green Bay becoming contaminated; significant contributors were land water use (agriculture, logging, industry), high turbidity, sedimentation, frequent algal blooms, degraded fish/wildlife/plant populations and adverse toxicant impacts.

Cleanup

Past Emergency Clean Up: In 1999 and 2000, EPA oversaw a dredging project done by some of the paper companies about 3 miles upstream from the mouth of the Lower Fox River.  It removed 80,000 cubic yards of PCB-contaminated sediment, containing 3,400 pounds of PCBs.

2019 marks the 16th year of clean up of the lower Green Bay. River clean up is scheduled for late March depending on ice conditions. Monitoring will continue to study fish, water, and PCB concentrations. Once the lower Green Bay clean up is complete long term monitoring will still be done on the entirety of the river.

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. 1 2 3 U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Green Bay (Lake Michigan)
  2. ↑ "Fox River and Green Bay Statistics". Fox River Watch. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008.
  3. ↑ "Ho-Chunk Oral Tradition - Indian Country Wisconsin". www.mpm.edu. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  4. ↑ Hall, George E. (2009). Ebert, Duane & Loberger, Pamela Ann (eds.). A History of Oconto (2nd ed.). Oconto, Wisconsin: Oconto County Historical Society. p. 33.
  5. ↑ Stewart, George R. (1945). Names on the Land . Random House. p.  88.
  6. ↑ Hoffman, Mike. "Menominee Place Names in Wisconsin". The Menominee Clans Story. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  7. ↑ The Physical Geography of Wisconsin by Lawrence Martin, Bulletin Number XXXVI, Educational Series Number 4, Madison Wisconsin: Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, 1916 Chapter XII: The Wisconsin Coast of Lake Michigan, page 291
  8. ↑ Cordua, William S. (1998). "Ferromanganese Nodules". Minerals of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey.
  9. ↑ Rossmann, Ronald & Callender, Edward (December 1968). "Manganese Nodules in Lake Michigan". Science. 162 (3858). Abstract. Bibcode:1968Sci...162.1123R. doi:10.1126/science.162.3858.1123. PMID   17746819. S2CID   9660139.
  10. ↑ Cordua, William S. (1998). "Todorokite". Minerals of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey.
  11. ↑ Janssen, J.; Berg, M. B. & Lozano, S. J. (2005). "Submerged Terra Incognita: Lake Michigan's Abundant but Unknown Rocky Zones". In Edsall, T. & Munawar, M. (eds.). State of Lake Michigan: Ecology, Health and Management. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. Map, p. 117. S2CID   60440392.
  12. ↑ Miller, Gerald S.; Saylor, James H. (1985). "Currents and Temperatures in Green Bay, Lake Michigan" (PDF). Journal of Great Lakes Research. 11 (2): 97–109. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(85)71749-2.
  13. ↑ Food web interactions among walleyes, lake whitefish, and yellow perch in Green. Bay, Lake Michigan by Lucas Koenig, MS thesis, UW-Stevens Point, August 2020, page 4
  14. ↑ Food web interactions among walleyes, lake whitefish, and yellow perch in Green. Bay, Lake Michigan by Lucas Koenig, MS thesis, UW-Stevens Point, August 2020, pages 49-50
  15. ↑ [Timescales of transport through Lower Green Bay] by Hector Bravo, Sajad Hamidi, Eric Anderson, Jv Klump, and Bahram Khazaei, Journal of Great Lakes Research, Volume 46, July 11, 2020
  16. ↑ About the Lower Green Bay and Fox River AOC, Wisconsin DNR
  17. ↑ Klump, J. Val; Brunner, Shelby L.; Grunert, Brice K.; Kaster, Jerry L.; Weckerly, Kim; Houghton, Erin M.; Kennedy, John A.; Valenta, Tracy J. (October 2018). "Evidence of persistent, recurring summertime hypoxia in Green Bay, Lake Michigan". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 44 (5): 841–850. Bibcode:2018JGLR...44..841K. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2018.07.012.
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