Looking west toward Buffalo Lake in MontelloLooking east at the Upper Fox River in MontelloThe Upper Fox River emptying into Lake Winnebago at OshkoshThe Interstate 41 bridge over the Lake Butte Des Morts just north of the river's entry into Lake WinnebagoThe bed of the Lower Fox River in Appleton during bridge repairs
The Fox River is a river in eastern Wisconsin in the Great Lakes region of the United States. It is the principal tributary of the Green Bay, and via the bay, the largest tributary of Lake Michigan. The city of Green Bay, one of the first European settlements in the interior of North America, is on the river at its mouth on the Green Bay.
Hydrographers divide the Fox into two distinct sections, the Upper Fox River, flowing from its headwaters in south-central Wisconsin northeasterly into Lake Winnebago, and the Lower Fox River, flowing from Lake Winnebago northeasterly to the Green Bay. Together, the two sections give the Fox River a length of 182 miles (293km).[1] Counting the distance through Lake Winnebago gives a total of 200 miles (322km).[1]
The river's name is the English translation of the French name for the Meskwaki people in the 17th century. The river was part of the famous 1673–74 expedition of Jolliet and Marquette, in which they went on to become the first Europeans to traverse the upper Mississippi River. A particular set of cities on the lower Fox River identify themselves as the Fox Cities.
Course
The Upper Fox River begins as a small stream northeast of Pardeeville. It flows west by southwest towards Portage where it comes within two miles (3.2km) of the Wisconsin River before turning north. The Fox River and the Wisconsin River are connected via the Portage Canal, which was the first waterway between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. After flowing past Montello, the river goes northeasterly until reaching Lake Butte des Morts. Here it is joined by the tributary Wolf River before entering the west side of Lake Winnebago at Oshkosh. The Upper Fox flows for a total of 142 miles (229km).[1]
The Lower Fox begins at the northern end of Lake Winnebago, where it flows north past Neenah, Menasha, and Appleton as it begins its 40-mile (64km)[1] course northeast towards Lake Michigan. The river drops around 164 feet (50m) over this short stretch. Prior to the construction of European-style dams after 1850, the river had many sizable rapids. The Lower Fox ends after flowing through the city of Green Bay and into Lake Michigan through the Green Bay.
Hydrology
Altogether, the Fox-Wolf watershed drains an area of about 6,429 square miles (16,650km2). The Fox has an average annual discharge of 5,200 cubic feet per second (150m3/s) into the Green Bay.[2] The highest recorded flow on the Fox near its mouth was 33,800 cubic feet per second (960m3/s) on June 3, 1990.
Tributaries of the Fox River include the East, Fond du Lac, Wolf, White, Mecan, Grand, and Montello rivers.
Name
The name is the translation of Rivière aux Renards (French for "River of the Foxes"), given by explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette because it went through the territory of the Meskwaki people, called Renards in French. In the Menominee language, the river is known as Meskwahkīw-Sīpiah, which means "Red Earth River".[3] In the Ho-Chunk language (Winnebago, Hoocąk, Hocąk), Fox River is known as Nionigera.[4] According to a member of the party of La Salle, it was also called the Kakaling River.[5]
Demographics
Along the banks is a chain of cities and villages, including Oshkosh, Neenah, Menasha, Appleton, Little Chute, Kimberly, Combined Locks, and Kaukauna. Except for Oshkosh, located on the Upper Fox River near Lake Winnebago, these cities and villages identify as the Fox Cities. Farther north along the Lower Fox River, from its outlet from Lake Winnebago and before its mouth at Lake Michigan, are the cities of De Pere and Green Bay (located at the lake), and the villages of Ashwaubenon and Allouez; although they are in the Fox River Valley, this grouping of cities and villages does not refer to themselves as Fox Cities.
History
Since the recession of the glaciers that once covered much of Wisconsin, the Fox River has supported several Native American cultures, and has been important for its fisheries, waterfowl, wild rice, forests, and water. Archaeologists have claimed that indigenous peoples lived in the Fox River area as early as 7000 BC.[6]
Prior to European settlement in the late 17th century, the shores of the Fox River and the Green Bay were home to roughly half the estimated 25,000 Native Americans who lived in what is today Wisconsin. The first Europeans to reach the Fox were French, beginning with explorer Jean Nicolet in 1634. In 1673 explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet canoed up the river as far as Portage. Here they made the short portage from the Fox to the Wisconsin River and then canoed on toward the Mississippi River. They established an important water route between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River known as the Fox–Wisconsin Waterway. It was likely long used by Native Americans prior to European encounter, as they had extensive cross-country trading routes related to the Mississippi River.
During the French colonization of the Americas, this route was used frequently by fur traders. French-Canadian men who established homes on the Fox River married First Nation women, producing mixed-race descendants who were generally raised within the matrilineal cultures of their mothers and identified with the tribes. In Canada, the Métis of the Red River of the North are classified as a distinct ethnicity because of their shared culture.[6]
Industrial Revolution
The Fox-Wisconsin Waterway's importance continued into the 1850s, when the Fox and Wisconsin Improvement Company built locks and dams on the Fox and the Portage Canal to connect it to the Wisconsin River at Portage.[7] The company was hoping to establish Green Bay as a port city to rival Chicago by making the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway into the principal shipping route between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River. This goal was never achieved, as the Upper Fox remained too shallow for significant shipping even after damming and dredging. In addition, the lakes that the narrow, winding stream flows through were frozen solid for five months every year.[6]
The Lower Fox was developed instead as a center of riverfront industry.[7] During the mid-19th century, when Wisconsin was a leading producer of wheat, several flour mills were built along the river to harness its abundant water power. During the 1860s, as Wisconsin's wheat production declined, these flour mills were replaced by a growing number of paper mills, which processed the great amount of timber being harvested from the forests. The Lower Fox proved an ideal location for paper production, owing to its proximity to lumbering areas that could supply wood pulp to make paper. Several well-known paper companies were founded in cities along the river, including Kimberly-Clark, Northern Paper Mills (makers of Quilted Northern), and the Hoberg Paper Company (manufacturer of Charmin).
The Volcan Street Plant on the Fox river in Appleton was the first Edison hydroelectric station and one of the first in the world. It was put into service in 1882 within the building of the Appleton Paper and Pulp Company.
Paper industry
The Lower Fox remains a major area for paper production. There are 24 paper and pulp mills along the Lower Fox River that produce more than five million tons of paper per year and employ around 50,000 people.[citation needed] The principal cities located in this valley are Green Bay, Appleton, Neenah, Menasha, De Pere, and Kaukauna. Although Oshkosh is a major city in the chain, active production of paper products is no longer located there.
Environmental issues
In the section between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay at Lake Michigan, the Fox River flows roughly south to north and descends through a height equal to that of Niagara Falls.[citation needed] As such, the Fox River was an ideal location for constructing powerful sawmills that made the Fox River area famous for its paper industry. A negative side effect of this industrialization was the dumping of hazardous material by-products of the paper mills. To repair the ecological damage from this toxic waste, there has been a widespread effort to clean the Fox River.[8] Dredging of the chemicals in the river began on April 28, 2009[9][10] and capping started soon after during the summer of 2009.[11] The cleaning project concluded in 2020 and cost an estimated $1 billion.[12] The Fox River will continue to be monitored by the Environmental Protection Agency and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources for many years following the cleaning project's completion.[8]
The high concentration of paper mills and other industry along the Lower Fox has historically been the source of much pollution of the river. Public debate about this contamination began as early as 1923, but little was done to improve the river until the federal Clean Water Act was passed in 1972. Much effort has since been put into cleaning the Fox, but problems still exist. According to some measures of pollution (e.g. dissolved oxygen, pollution-tolerant worm counts), the Lower Fox River is much cleaner than it was before 1972. However, according to other measures of pollution (e.g., phosphorus, estrogenic compounds, discarded pharmaceuticals), the river waters are slightly more contaminated than before 1972. As a result, debate over the river's contamination continues between environmentalists, the paper industry, Indian tribes, and elected officials at the federal, state, and local levels.
While not officially designated as a U.S. Superfund site, the Lower Fox River bottom has some sections contaminated with toxic chemicals. These contaminatedsediments are the river's current environmental problem. One contaminant of special concern is a group of chemicals called Polychlorinated biphenyls or PCBs. The largest deposits of contaminated sediments are traceable to the local paper recycling mills. Beginning in the 1950s, many mills along to Fox River began producing and recycling carbonless copy paper. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources explains that carbonless copy paper caused PCB pollution in the Fox River and Lake Michigan.[8] The federal government banned PCBs in 1979 due to their environmental threat to humans and other wildlife.[13]
The U.S. government and State of Wisconsin filed suit on October 14, 2010, against nine paper companies and two municipalities for their failure to pay for PCB cleanup actions. The companies named in the suit were NCR Corporation, Appleton Papers, CBC Coating, Kimberly-Clark, Menasha Corporation, NewPage Corporation, Glatfelter, U.S. Paper Mills (Sonoco) and WTM (Wisconsin Tissue Mills). The local agencies sued were the City of Appleton and Neenah-Menasha Sewerage Commission.[14][15] Several settlements ensured that the responsible parties paid for a large sum of the cleaning project costs and other restoration efforts. A settlement, reached in 2019, required that NCR Corporation, P.H. Glatfelter Company, and Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products LP cover the cost of all future cleaning efforts.[16]
Since the late 19th century, dredging of river bottom sediments has been done to allow large ships to enter the Fox River. The contaminated sediment has been used since the 1960s to fill local wetlands, causing adverse effects on wildlife and plants. After 1978 it was used to develop an off-shore engineered holding area called Renard Isle, also known as Kidney Island. Renard Isle was capped in 2015 and its ownership was transferred to Brown County in 2017.[17] There have been several proposed plans for the land, including turning it into a National Estuarine Research Reserve.[18]
Before the 1950s parts of the Fox River were used for recreational purposes. This only lasted for a short period of time as the water quality deteriorated, and the water was considered unhealthy.[6]
The Fox River region has been dominated by dairy farms that benefited from the rich soil and plentiful water supply.
Recreation
The 25-mile (40km)Fox River State Recreational Trail is part of the Brown County Park System. The trailhead is in the city of Green Bay where seven miles (11km) of paved trail follow the Fox River south through the city of De Pere. Biking, walking, jogging, and rollerblading are among the most popular activities on the trail. The trail also has a section of unpaved terrain that permits horseback riding.[19]
The Wiouwash State Trail runs concurrent with the Fox River from downtown Oshkosh to Lake Butte des Morts for about four miles (6.4km).[20]
Fishing
Fishing was a huge aspect of life on the water as many fisheries were set up along the river. This remained large for a short period of time[when?] but also was soon limited by water pollution and the depleted amount of fish. Restrictions were placed on how many and what kind of fish could be caught.
Winnebago County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 171,730. Its county seat is Oshkosh. It was named for the historic Winnebago people, a federally recognized Native American tribe now known as the Ho-Chunk Nation. Chief Oshkosh was a Menominee leader in the area. Winnebago County comprises the Oshkosh-Neenah, WI Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah, WI Combined Statistical Area.
Menasha was a town in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States, west of the Fox River across from the city of Menasha, Wisconsin. The population was 18,498 at the 2010 census, making it the second most populous town in the state of Wisconsin at the time of its dissolution. The unincorporated community of Waverly Beach was located partially in the town. In an April 2016 referendum, the portion of the town west of Little Lake Butte des Morts voted to become the village of Fox Crossing. The remaining portions of the town were annexed to Fox Crossing on September 22, 2016, effectively ending the existence of the town.
Menasha is a city in Calumet and Winnebago counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 18,268 at the 2020 census. Of this, 15,144 were in Winnebago County, and 2,209 were in Calumet County. The city's name comes from the Winnebago word meaning "thorn" or "island". In the Menominee language, it is known as Menāēhsaeh, meaning "little island". It is part of the Fox Cities region of Wisconsin. Doty Island is located partially in Menasha, which it shares with Neenah.
Green Bay is an arm of Lake Michigan, located along the south coast of Michigan's Upper Peninsula and the east coast of Wisconsin. It is separated from the rest of the lake by the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin, the Garden Peninsula in Michigan, and the chain of islands between them, all formed by the Niagara Escarpment. Green Bay is some 120 miles (193 km) long, with a width ranging from about 10 to 20 miles ; it is 1,626 square miles (4,210 km2) in area.
Neenah is a city in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States. It is situated on the banks of Lake Winnebago, Little Lake Butte des Morts, and the Fox River approximately 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Oshkosh and 40 miles (64 km) southwest of Green Bay. Neenah's population was 27,319 at the 2020 census.
Lake Winnebago is a shallow freshwater lake in the north central United States, located in east central Wisconsin. At 137,700 acres, it is the largest lake entirely within the state, covering an area of about 30 miles by 10 miles with 88 miles of shoreline, an average depth of 15.5 feet, and a maximum depth of 21 feet. It has many shallow reefs along the west shore and a drop-off type shoreline on the east. There are several islands along the west shore.
The Fox–Wisconsin Waterway is a waterway formed by the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. First used by European settlers in 1673 during the expedition of Marquette & Joliet, it was one of the principal routes used by travelers between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River until the completion of the Illinois and Michigan Canal in 1848 and the arrival of railroads. The western terminus of the Fox–Wisconsin Waterway was at the Mississippi at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. It continued up the Wisconsin River about 116 miles (187 km) until reaching Portage, Wisconsin. There travelers would portage to the Upper Fox River, or eventually, use the Portage Canal. It continued about 160 miles (260 km) down the Fox River, following it through Lake Winnebago and continuing on the Lower Fox over 170 feet of falls to the eastern terminus of Green Bay.
The Fox Cities of Northeastern Wisconsin are the cities, towns and villages along the Fox River as it flows from Lake Winnebago northward into Green Bay.
Big Lake Butte des Morts is a shallow freshwater lake located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, in Winnebago County. It is part of the Winnebago Pool of lakes in east central Wisconsin, along with Lake Winnebago, Lake Poygan, and Lake Winneconne. The lake is fed by the Fox River in the southwest and the Wolf River draining from Lake Winneconne in the northwest, and drains via the Fox River southeast into Lake Winnebago. The lake is part of the Butte des Morts region in Winnebago County, Wisconsin. This lake is not connected to Little Lake Butte des Morts, which is located to the north, downstream of Lake Winnebago, fed by the lower Fox River.
Wisconsin's 6th congressional district is a congressional district of the United States House of Representatives in eastern Wisconsin. It is based in the rural, suburban and exurban communities between Madison, Milwaukee, and Green Bay. It also includes the village of River Hills in far northern Milwaukee County. The district is currently represented by Glenn Grothman (R-Glenbeaulah) who took office in January 2015.
Little Lake Butte des Morts is a lake in the US state of Wisconsin, eight miles north of Lake Butte des Morts. It is part of the Fox–Wisconsin Waterway and receives its inflow from a short segment of the Fox River which drains from the north end of Lake Winnebago around Doty Island. The north end of Little Lake Butte des Morts becomes the section of the Fox River running to Green Bay. The lake is part of the Butte des Morts region in Winnebago County, Wisconsin. The southern half of the lake is located within the cities of Menasha and Neenah.
William Waters (1843–1917) was an American architect who designed numerous buildings in Wisconsin that eventually were listed on the National Register of Historic Places. He was responsible for designing much of historic Oshkosh, Wisconsin. He was also responsible for designing the Wisconsin building for the Columbian Exposition. Waters died in 1917 and is buried at Riverside Cemetery in Oshkosh. After his death, Oshkosh honored him by naming the intersection of Washington Avenue and State Street as the "William Waters Plaza".
The 18th Senate district of Wisconsin is one of 33 districts in the Wisconsin Senate. Located in east-central Wisconsin, the district comprises parts of northeast Winnebago County and southern Outagamie County. It includes the cities of Menasha and Neenah, most of the city of Appleton, and the northern half of the city of Oshkosh. It contains landmarks such as College Avenue Historic District, Lawrence University, and the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh campus.
Renard Isle is a man-made island, or confined disposal facility (CDF) in the lower Green Bay, just northeast of the mouth of the Fox River (Wisconsin). Formerly called Kidney Island, it is 55 acres constructed in 1977 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a disposal site for dredged materials taken from the Fox River and Green Bay harbor entrance channel. The dredged material is contaminated with Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) that are known probable carcinogens to humans, as well as large amounts of furans, dioxins, mercury, lead, pentachlorophenol, and hundreds of other persistent toxic chemicals which cause serious health concerns for fish, wildlife, and humans. Many of the chemicals, like mercury and lead, will never break down. Renard Isle hit its designed capacity to hold contaminated materials around 1993.
Fox Crossing is a village in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States. It was incorporated from the former town of Menasha in 2016. The population as of the 2020 census was 18,974.
The Friendship Trail is a recreation trail in northeastern Wisconsin. The trail is used by walkers, hikers, bikers, horseback riders, and snowmobilers during the winter months. Two sections of the trail are complete: ~14 miles from Winchester east to Fox Crossing and ~4.4 miles from Forest Junction southeast to Brillion. The route consists of asphalt, crushed stone, and wood surfaces. The entire route is located in Winnebago County and Calumet County.
The 53rd Assembly district of Wisconsin is one of 99 districts in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Located in eastern Wisconsin, the district comprises pars of northeast Winnebago County and southern Outagamie County. It includes the city of Neenah, the portion of the city of Menasha in Winnebago County, and the portion of the village of Fox Crossing east of the Fox River, along with part of southern Appleton. The district contains the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh, Fox Cities Campus and the Kimberly Point Lighthouse. The seat has been held by Republican Michael Schraa since January 2013.
1 2 Schultz, Gwen M. (2004). Wisconsin's Foundations: A Review of the State's Geology and Its Influence on Geography and Human Activity. University of Wisconsin Press. pp.128–129. ISBN0-299-19874-X.
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Facing east across the Fox River to downtown Green Bay.
Fishermen in Montello, Wisconsin
Mallard ducks in Montello, Wisconsin
The tall ship, Windy II sails from Green Bay south into the mouth of the Fox River under the Leo Frigo Memorial Bridge in Green Bay, Wisconsin.
The museum for the Tayco Street Bridge in Menasha, Wisconsin on the Fox River. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places
Taken from the International Space Station on June 17, 2022; north is oriented to the left
