Rabbit plagues in Australia have occurred several times throughout parts of Australia since wild European rabbits were introduced by European colonists. [1]
Rabbit plagues in Australia have occurred several times throughout parts of Australia since wild European rabbits were introduced by European colonists. [1]
Rabbits were introduced to Australia with the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788. [2] A population of 24 rabbits were released near Geelong in 1859 to be hunted for sport. The native quolls predated upon rabbits [3] and prior to 1870, many accounts recorded quolls impeding their establishment on the mainland while island colonies thrived. [4] Quolls were systematically exterminated [5] by colonists to defend introduced species such as chickens. [6] Within 50 years rabbits had spread throughout most of the continent with devastating impact on indigenous flora and fauna. [7] [2]
The species had spread throughout Victoria and by 1880 was found in New South Wales. Rabbits were found in South Australia and Queensland by 1886 and by 1890 were in eastern parts of Western Australia [2] and the Northern Territory in the 1900s. Feral rabbits were found throughout most of their current range by 1910. [8]
Large numbers of rabbits were reported around Geelong in 1869 [9] and around Campbell Town in Tasmania later the same year. [10] A large scale plague occurred in 1871 throughout parts of Tasmania starting prior to March, [11] with farmers using strychnine in an attempt to control numbers [12] and continuing through to May of the same year. [13]
In 1876 a plague was reported in districts around Kapunda in South Australia [14] with a commission being established to find the cause and suitable methods of control of the problem. [15]
Areas between the Riverina through to the Mallee country [16] and Charlton were being plagued by large numbers of rabbits in 1877 [17] and 1878. [18] The Rabbits Nuisance Suppression Bill was introduced into the Parliament of Victoria in an effort to combat the problem. [19] By 1878 and early 1879 the plague had spread into northern areas of South Australia [20] [21] Numbers of rabbits in the affected areas were still considered problematic through the 1880s [22] [23] and 1890s.
Large numbers of the pest were still found throughout parts of Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia [24] and Western Australia [25] through the early 1900s while the areas were also gripped by drought. [24] After the drought broke in around 1904 numbers of rabbits and mice started to grow again in the same areas as well as parts of Queensland to plague proportions. [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]
Following a reduction in numbers during the drought of 1914 to 1915, [31] plagues of rabbits were reported in 1918 through parts of South Australia and western New South Wales. [32] [33]
In 1932 and 1933 rabbits again bred up in large numbers in parts of New South Wales, [34] [35] South Australian and Victoria causing massive damage to crops and feed. [36]
The same year, Jean Macnamara – a young Australian scientist working in America – was undertaking research into the use of the myxoma virus in rabbits following a rabbit outbreak in California. After an unsuccessful attempt to send the virus to Australia, Macnamara carried it with her to London, handing over her data to fellow scientist Charles Martin to continue testing. Martin concluded that the virus caused no harm to surrounding wildlife, livestock, or humans so field trails began on Wardang Island. However, the virus failed to transmit between rabbits and in 1943 experiments were halted. [37]
After World War II – during which time Australia's rabbit population grew due to lack of culling – Macnamara resumed myxoma virus tests on rabbit populations, with field trials beginning in 1950. These trials showed that wetter climates enabled the virus to spread, where mosquitoes and other insects carried the virus between rabbits. This led to rabbit populations declining rapidly by 1953. [37]
Field trials for the myxomatosis virus were carried out in 1936 by the CSIR Division of Animal Health and Nutrition as a method of controlling rabbit population. The trials were successful in killing rabbits in their warrens but did not spread well between warrens. [38]
By 1946 another plague was being predicted by graziers following a drought breaking, [39] and numbers of rabbits started to rise in 1948 [40] and continue into 1949 and 1950 [41] causing massive damage to crops in parts of New South Wales, [42] Victoria [43] and South Australia [44] in a plague described as the worst rabbit plague in Australia's history. [43] [45]
The myxomatosis virus was released in 1950 to reduce pest rabbit numbers. It initially reduced the wild rabbit population by 95% but since then resistance to the virus has increased. [46]
Another plague occurred in 2011 in parts of South Australia, the worst that had occurred in Australia since the release of the calicivirus in 1995. [47]
European rabbits were first introduced to Australia in the 18th century with the First Fleet, and later became widespread, because of Thomas Austin. Such wild rabbit populations are a serious mammalian pest and invasive species in Australia causing millions of dollars' worth of damage to crops. Their spread may have been enhanced through the emergence of strong crossbreeds.
Myxomatosis is a disease caused by Myxoma virus, a poxvirus in the genus Leporipoxvirus. The natural hosts are tapeti in South and Central America, and brush rabbits in North America. The myxoma virus causes only a mild disease in these species, but causes a severe and usually fatal disease in European rabbits.
The tiger quoll, also known as the spotted-tailed quoll, spotted-tail quoll, spot-tailed quoll, spotted quoll, spotted-tailed dasyure, or tiger cat, is a carnivorous marsupial of the quoll genus Dasyurus native to Australia. With males and females weighing around 3.5 and 1.8 kg, respectively, it is the world's second-largest extant carnivorous marsupial, behind the Tasmanian devil. Two subspecies are recognised; the nominate is found in wet forests of southeastern Australia and Tasmania, and a northern subspecies, D. m. gracilis, is found in a small area of northern Queensland and is endangered.
Quolls are carnivorous marsupials native to Australia and New Guinea. They are primarily nocturnal and spend most of the day in a den. Of the six species of quoll, four are found in Australia and two in New Guinea. Another two species are known from fossil remains in Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits in Queensland. Genetic evidence indicates that quolls evolved around 15 million years ago in the Miocene, and that the ancestors of the six species had all diverged by around four million years ago. The six species vary in weight and size, from 300 g (11 oz) to 7 kg (15 lb). They have brown or black fur and pink noses. They are largely solitary, but come together for a few social interactions such as mating which occurs during the winter season. A female gives birth to up to 30 pups, but the number that can be raised to adulthood is limited by the number of teats (6–7). They have a life span of 1–5 years.
The eastern quoll is a medium-sized carnivorous marsupial (dasyurid), and one of six extant species of quolls. Endemic to Australia, they occur on the island state of Tasmania, but were considered extinct on the mainland after 1963. The species has been reintroduced to fox-proof fenced sanctuaries Victoria in 2003 and to the Australian Capital Territory in 2016.
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Dame Annie Jean Connor née Macnamara, known as Jean Macnamara, was an Australian medical doctor and scientist, best known for her contributions to children's health and welfare. She was honoured as Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1935.
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