Raghib syndrome

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Raghib syndrome is rare a congenital heart defect where the left superior vena cava (LSVC) is draining into the left atrium in addition to an absent coronary sinus and an atrial septal defect. [1] [2] This can be considered a dangerous heart condition because it puts the individual at a high risk of stroke. [3] Other defects that are often associated with Raghib syndrome can include ventricular septal defects, enlargement of the tricuspid annulus, and pulmonary stenosis. [3] While this is considered an extremely rare developmental complex, cases regarding a persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) are relatively common among congenital heart defects. [4] [3] It is also important to note that the PLSVC often drains into the right atrium, and only drains into the left atrium in approximately 10 to 20% of individuals with the defect. [5]

Contents

In an individual with no underlying heart condition, the superior vena cava delivers blood returning from the body to the right atrium. [6] Due to oxygen being used by various biological processes throughout the body, this blood has extremely low blood oxygenation levels. [6] Therefore, the right side of the heart pumps this blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place in the capillaries. [7] The oxygenated blood is then transported back to the left side of the heart through pulmonary veins. [7] The left atrium and left ventricle work to push the now oxygen saturated blood up through the aorta and out to the body. [7] As stated earlier, individuals with Raghib syndrome experience drainage from the left superior vena cava into the left atrium. [1] This means that the deoxygenated blood returning from the body is directly bypassing the lungs and entering the left atrium where it will be pumped back into the body causing cyanosis. [5] The result of this can have major implications on several biological processes, often requiring surgical intervention. [5]

The coronary sinus is a vein continuing off of the great cardiac vein. [8] It collects blood from the ventricular veins of the heart muscle during ventricle contraction and moves this blood into the right atrium. [8] Essentially, this coronary sinus takes de-oxygenated blood from veins in the heart muscle (epicardial ventricular veins) and delivers it to the right side of the heart so it can be transported to the lungs and oxygenated again. [8] It is extremely rare for an individual to be lacking this component of the heart. [9]

Lastly, a common aspect of Raghib syndrome is an atrial septal defect. This is when there is a hole in the septum dividing the right and left atriums of the heart. [10] The size of this hole may vary significantly from individual to individual [10] Some may not even notice the symptoms of this defect until they are well into adulthood, if at all. [10] The main concern with an atrial septal defect, is it can cause the right side of the heart to become overworked. [11] This is because the amount of blood being pumped to the lungs increases significantly as blood from the left atrium leaks back into the right atrium. [11] Thus leading to damaged blood vessels, increased blood pressure, and can even increase the right side of the heart. [11]

Causes

Raghib syndrome being classified as a congenital heart defect, means that this defect was present at birth. [12] The anterior and posterior cardinal veins are a part of the embryonic venous system. [13] During the eighth week of fetal development these cardinal veins will slowly shrink and disappear into other structures. [13] The left anterior cardinal vein eventually transforms into the ligament of Marshall. [13] If this vein fails to disappear, the persistent left superior vena cava will form. [13] This anomaly is present in between 0.3% and 0.5% of the population and roughly 2.1% to 4.3% of those with congenital heart disease. [3] Usually babies who experience the persistence of a left superior vena cava display other heart anomalies as well. [13] In Raghib syndrome these additional defects include an absent coronary sinus along with an atrial septal defect. [3] The persistent left super vena cava can interfere with rotation of the sinoatrial region, which thus causes the right and left cardinal veins of the heart to lie at the same level preventing the formation of a coronary sinus. [3]

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of Raghib syndrome include:

The bluish discoloration of the skin, otherwise characterized as cyanosis, is a result of inadequate oxygenation of red blood cells. [15] This presents mainly in the skin, nails, lips, or surrounding the eyes of individuals. [15] This lack of oxygenation in the bloodstream can also be the cause of symptoms regarding issues with fine motor tasks or cognitive issues. [15]

Other symptoms of Raghib syndrome are usually classified as a cryptogenic stroke, otherwise known a stroke resulting from an unknown origin. [16] These symptoms can include slurred speech, left-sided facial numbness, and left-handed clumsiness. [3]

While some of the symptoms of Raghib syndrome can be intense, other individuals might be asymptomatic and unaware they have this congenital heart defect. [3] Diagnosis can often be difficult since anomalies may not be noticed until a postmortem evaluation is done. [3] Thus, in some instances it may be considered a benign anomaly. [3]

Impact of cyanosis on a cellular level

Essentially, the main symptoms making this disease dangerous are a result of a lack of oxygen reaching vital tissues, muscles, and organs. Cyanosis is typically classified as having 85% or less oxygen saturation in your bloodstream. [15] Typically your blood oxygen saturation levels should fall around 95% or higher. [15] Oxygen is used in a number of biological processes throughout your body. Perhaps the most vital of these processes is cellular respiration. [17] Cells take molecules of glucose and convert them to chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). [17] During glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. [17] Pyruvate is then converted into acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). [17] The Citric acid cycle then takes acetyl-CoA and through a series of reactions generates molecules of NADH and FADH 2 that are used in the electron transport chain. [17]

The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to form a proton gradient in the mitochondria that will be used generate ATP. [17] Oxygen comes into play in complex IV of the electron transport chain. [17] Oxygen is considered the final electron acceptor in this process. [17] Essentially, complex IV accepts electrons from cytochrome c, one at a time, and then donates them to oxygen in order to form water. [17] During this process, two hydrogen protons are transported into the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria. [17] Therefore, oxygen is a vital part of generating energy for cells. [17]

Diagnosis

In some cases, Raghib syndrome is not diagnosed until there is a postmortem evaluation of an individual. [3] However, if symptoms are present or an individual has an evaluation of their heart conducted this can lead to early detection. Diagnosis typically involves the use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI). [3] Magnetic resonance imagining is a medical imagine technique where the use of a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves are able to construct 3D images of organs or tissues in your body. [18]

Often times this is accompanied by a cardiac computed tomography (CCT) scan which creates 3D images of the heart and its blood vessels. [3] [18] Unlike the CMRI, this is done by directing X-rays at various angles in order to form a detailed and high-resolution scan of the heart. [18] Thus, leading to the diagnosis of issues regarding the structure of the heart, valves, arteries, aorta, veins, and more. [18] A CCT scan does involve the intravenous injection of contrast media that is used to not only define tissues, but differentiate between them. [18] The use of an MRI and a CCT scan can also aid doctors in determining a surgical intervention plan. [3]

Another possible way to diagnose this heart condition is using an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). [14] An individual will have electrodes placed on their chest that measure the electrical signal from the heart as it beats. [19] There are several things tracked during an EKG. First is the "P wave" which takes place as the electrical impulse travels to the left and right atria causing them to contract and pump blood into the ventricles. [19] These ventricles then make the "QRS" complex as they contract and push blood up and out of the heart muscle. [19] The heart then fully relaxes and the "t wave" is the re-polarization of the ventricles. [20] EKGs of individuals with Raghib syndrome could show T wave inversions in leads v2-v4, and left ventricular hypertrophy. [3] An echocardiogram, on the other hand, uses sound waves in order to create 3D images of the heart while it is in motion. [21] This allows doctors to visualize how well blood is being pumped throughout the heart. [21]

Cardiac catheterization is another way to understand the blood flow through the heart. [22] During cardiac catheterization a long thin tube, otherwise known as a catheter, is inserted into a blood vessel to examine the heart valves, take blood or heart samples, and even can place dye into the bloodstream for better visualization. [22] This catheter can be placed into a blood vessel in the groin, upper thigh, arm, or neck. [22]

Lastly, patients may also display a significant reduction in arterial blood oxygen saturation. [3] But depending on the size and impact of these heart defects, certain patients with Raghib syndrome could maintain oxygen saturation levels of over 90%. [3]

Treatment

Usually, treatment involves surgical intervention in order to repair the persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) from draining into the left atrium. [1] Several surgical options can be used based on the individual. The main goal of these surgical interventions is to re-establish intracardiac flow of blood through the heart. [2] Atrial patches can be applied to areas of concern such as the roof of the left atrium or where the coronary sinus should be. [2] This helps to form a tunnel aiding blood flow. [2] Often a surgical correction can be done to divert blood flow from the PLSVC into the right atrium, rather than the left atrium. [1] [14] Some sources indicate this is the main surgical solution. [14] This can be done by attaching the PSLVC directly to the right atrium using a graft, attaching the PSLVC to the left pulmonary artery with an intra-atrial baffle, or performing a litigation of the PSLVC in general. [1] However, surgically attaching the PLSVC to the left pulmonary artery can increase the risk of thrombosis. [1] Some sources indicated that re-roofing the coronary sinus is important during this procedure to yield optimum results. [14] Another source indicates simple monitoring of an individual and placing them on medications can be used in less extreme cases. [3] It is important to seek medical advice from a professional, as symptoms and degrees of this defect can very immensely individual to individual.

Case studies

In one case study a 40-year-old female was given a pericardial patch to close the atrial septal defect and then anastomosed the PSLVC directly to the left pulmonary artery. [1] Thus, getting rid of the leakage of blood to the left atrium and ensuring the blood from the PSLVC is directed into the right side of the heart and pumped to the lungs. [1] A follow-up several years later indicated the surgery was successful and she had no symptoms of a cryptogenic stroke. [1]

Another case study was done with an 18-month-old infant diagnosed with Raghib syndrome after an MRI was done on his heart. [2] An extracardiac intervention method was applied where the PLSVC was directly connected to the right atrial appendage. [2] This was seen as the best intervention method since it decreased the risk of obstructing pulmonary vein blood flow, reduced tension on the left atrium, and hopefully prevented future arrhythmias. [2]

A 31-year-old female showing left-handed clumsiness, hypertension, and stroke-like symptoms such as facial numbness and slurred speech was brought in for diagnosis. [3] An in-depth analysis on her brain and heart showed signs of Raghib syndrome. [3] Unlike other individuals here, she was discharged with several medications (aspirin and metoprolol), as well as a Holter monitor to keep track of her symptoms. [3]

Lastly, a 25-year-old female had experienced several years of cyanosis and heart palpitations. [14] The individual underwent surgical intervention after being diagnose with Raghib syndrome using a chest X-ray and ECG. [14] During surgery doctors found her coronary sinus was completely unroofed and the PLSVC was draining directly into the left atrium. [14] Surgeons reroofed the coronary sinus, reconstructed the atrial septum to prevent drainage, and redirected the PLSVC to the right atrium. [14]

Prognosis

With surgical intervention, many individuals suffering from this defect are able to go on and lead fully functional lives. [1] Issues may arise if the heart condition goes undiagnosed, thus putting an individual at an increased risk of stroke. [3] However, it could remain a benign anomaly in other individuals and never result in symptoms or a diagnosis. [14]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vein</span> Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

Veins are blood vessels in the circulatory system of humans and most other animals that carry blood toward the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are those of the pulmonary and fetal circulations which carry oxygenated blood to the heart. In the systemic circulation arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, and veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart, in the deep veins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atrial septal defect</span> Human heart defect present at birth

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect in which blood flows between the atria of the heart. Some flow is a normal condition both pre-birth and immediately post-birth via the foramen ovale; however, when this does not naturally close after birth it is referred to as a patent (open) foramen ovale (PFO). It is common in patients with a congenital atrial septal aneurysm (ASA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ventricular septal defect</span> Medical condition

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a defect in the ventricular septum, the wall dividing the left and right ventricles of the heart. The extent of the opening may vary from pin size to complete absence of the ventricular septum, creating one common ventricle. The ventricular septum consists of an inferior muscular and superior membranous portion and is extensively innervated with conducting cardiomyocytes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fontan procedure</span> Surgical procedure used in children with univentricular hearts

The Fontan procedure or Fontan–Kreutzer procedure is a palliative surgical procedure used in children with univentricular hearts. It involves diverting the venous blood from the inferior vena cava (IVC) and superior vena cava (SVC) to the pulmonary arteries. The procedure varies for differing congenital heart pathologies. For example in tricuspid atresia, the procedure can be done where the blood does not pass through the morphologic right ventricle; i.e., the systemic and pulmonary circulations are placed in series with the functional single ventricle. Whereas in hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the heart is more reliant on the more functional right ventricle to provide blood flow to the systemic circulation. The procedure was initially performed in 1968 by Francis Fontan and Eugene Baudet from Bordeaux, France, published in 1971, simultaneously described in 1971 by Guillermo Kreutzer from Buenos Aires, Argentina, and finally published in 1973.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eisenmenger syndrome</span> Medical condition

Eisenmenger syndrome or Eisenmenger's syndrome is defined as the process in which a long-standing left-to-right cardiac shunt caused by a congenital heart defect causes pulmonary hypertension and eventual reversal of the shunt into a cyanotic right-to-left shunt. Because of the advent of fetal screening with echocardiography early in life, the incidence of heart defects progressing to Eisenmenger syndrome has decreased.

Situs ambiguus is a rare congenital defect in which the major visceral organs are distributed abnormally within the chest and abdomen. Clinically heterotaxy spectrum generally refers to any defect of Left-right asymmetry and arrangement of the visceral organs; however, classical heterotaxy requires multiple organs to be affected. This does not include the congenital defect situs inversus, which results when arrangement of all the organs in the abdomen and chest are mirrored, so the positions are opposite the normal placement. Situs inversus is the mirror image of situs solitus, which is normal asymmetric distribution of the abdominothoracic visceral organs. Situs ambiguus can also be subdivided into left-isomerism and right isomerism based on the defects observed in the spleen, lungs and atria of the heart.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiac catheterization</span> Insertion of a catheter into a chamber or vessel of the heart

Cardiac catheterization is the insertion of a catheter into a chamber or vessel of the heart. This is done both for diagnostic and interventional purposes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jugular vein</span> Veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart

The jugular veins are veins that take deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava. The internal jugular vein descends next to the internal carotid artery and continues posteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atrium (heart)</span> Part of the human heart

The atrium is one of the two upper chambers in the heart that receives blood from the circulatory system. The blood in the atria is pumped into the heart ventricles through the atrioventricular mitral and tricuspid heart valves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tricuspid atresia</span> Medical condition

Tricuspid atresia is a form of congenital heart disease whereby there is a complete absence of the tricuspid valve. Therefore, there is an absence of right atrioventricular connection. This leads to a hypoplastic (undersized) or absent right ventricle. This defect is contracted during prenatal development, when the heart does not finish developing. It causes the systemic circulation to be filled with relatively deoxygenated blood. The causes of tricuspid atresia are unknown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atrioventricular septal defect</span> Medical condition

Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) or atrioventricular canal defect (AVCD), also known as "common atrioventricular canal" or "endocardial cushion defect" (ECD), is characterized by a deficiency of the atrioventricular septum of the heart that creates connections between all four of its chambers. It is a very specific combination of 3 defects:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronary sinus</span> Set of veins which drain blood from the myocardium (heart muscle)

The coronary sinus is the largest vein of the heart. It drains over half of the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium. It begins on the backside of the heart, in between the left atrium, and left ventricle; it begins at the junction of the great cardiac vein, and oblique vein of the left atrium. It receives multiple tributaries. It passes across the backside of the heart along a groove between left atrium and left ventricle, then drains into the right atrium at the orifice of the coronary sinus.

Levo-Transposition of the great arteries is an acyanotic congenital heart defect in which the primary arteries are transposed, with the aorta anterior and to the left of the pulmonary artery; the morphological left and right ventricles with their corresponding atrioventricular valves are also transposed.

Cor triatriatum is a congenital heart defect where the left atrium or right atrium is subdivided by a thin membrane, resulting in three atrial chambers.

A right-to-left shunt is a cardiac shunt which allows blood to flow from the right heart to the left heart. This terminology is used both for the abnormal state in humans and for normal physiological shunts in reptiles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Persistent left superior vena cava</span> Medical condition

In anatomy, a persistent left superior vena cava is the most common variation of the thoracic venous system. It is present in between 0.3% and 0.5% of the population, and is an embryologic remnant that results from a failure to involute.

A cardiac shunt is a pattern of blood flow in the heart that deviates from the normal circuit of the circulatory system. It may be described as right-left, left-right or bidirectional, or as systemic-to-pulmonary or pulmonary-to-systemic. The direction may be controlled by left and/or right heart pressure, a biological or artificial heart valve or both. The presence of a shunt may also affect left and/or right heart pressure either beneficially or detrimentally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anomalous pulmonary venous connection</span> Medical condition

Anomalous pulmonary venous connection is a congenital defect of the pulmonary veins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypoplastic right heart syndrome</span> Type of congenital heart disease

Hypoplastic right heart syndrome is a congenital heart defect in which the structures on the right side of the heart, particularly the right ventricle, are underdeveloped. This defect causes inadequate blood flow to the lungs, and thus a cyanotic infant.

The heart is a muscular organ situated in the mediastinum. It consists of four chambers, four valves, two main arteries, and the conduction system. The left and right sides of the heart have different functions: the right side receives de-oxygenated blood through the superior and inferior venae cavae and pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, and the left side receives saturated blood from the lungs.

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