In an English-speaking country,Standard English (SE) is the variety of English that has undergone codification to the point of being socially perceived as the standard language,associated with formal schooling,language assessment,and official print publications,such as public service announcements and newspapers of record,etc. All linguistic features are subject to the effects of standardisation,including morphology,phonology,syntax,lexicon,register,discourse markers,pragmatics,as well as written features such as spelling conventions,punctuation,capitalisation and abbreviation practices. SE is local to nowhere:its grammatical and lexical components are no longer regionally marked,although many of them originated in different,non-adjacent dialects,and it has very little of the variation found in spoken or earlier written varieties of English. According to Peter Trudgill,Standard English is a social dialect pre-eminently used in writing that is distinguishable from other English dialects largely by a small group of grammatical "idiosyncrasies",such as irregular reflexive pronouns and an "unusual" present-tense verb morphology.
Irish Sign Language is the sign language of Ireland,used primarily in the Republic of Ireland. It is also used in Northern Ireland,alongside British Sign Language (BSL). Irish Sign Language is more closely related to French Sign Language (LSF) than to BSL,though it has influence from both languages. It has influenced sign languages in Australia and South Africa,and has little relation to either spoken Irish or English. ISL is unique among sign languages for having different gendered versions due to men and women being taught it at different schools all over Ireland.
Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact with and influence each other. The study of language contact is called contact linguistics. Language contact can occur at language borders,between adstratum languages,or as the result of migration,with an intrusive language acting as either a superstratum or a substratum.
In geolinguistics,areal features are elements shared by languages or dialects in a geographic area,particularly when such features are not descended from a proto-language,i.e. a common ancestor language. That is,an areal feature is contrasted with lingual-genealogically determined similarity within the same language family. Features may diffuse from one dominant language to neighbouring languages.
Clive Upton is an English linguist specializing in dialectology and sociolinguistics. He is also an authority on the pronunciation of English. He has been Emeritus Professor of Modern English Language at the University of Leeds since 2012.
Lyle Richard Campbell is an American scholar and linguist known for his studies of indigenous American languages,especially those of Central America,and on historical linguistics in general. Campbell is professor emeritus of linguistics at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
William A. Foley is an American linguist and professor at Columbia University. He previously worked at the University of Sydney. He specializes in Papuan and Austronesian languages. Foley developed Role and Reference Grammar in a partnership with Robert Van Valin.
Joshua Fishman was an American linguist who specialized in the sociology of language,language planning,bilingual education,and language and ethnicity.
Hans Henrich Hock is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics and Sanskrit at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
Stefan Th. Gries is (full) professor of linguistics in the Department of Linguistics at the University of California,Santa Barbara (UCSB),Honorary Liebig-Professor of the Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen,and since 1 April 2018 also Chair of English Linguistics in the Department of English at the Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen.
Shana Poplack,is a Distinguished University Professor in the linguistics department of the University of Ottawa and three time holder of the Canada Research Chair in Linguistics. She is a leading proponent of variation theory,the approach to language science pioneered by William Labov. She has extended the methodology and theory of this field into bilingual speech patterns,the prescription-praxis dialectic in the co-evolution of standard and non-standard languages,and the comparative reconstruction of ancestral speech varieties,including African American vernacular English. She founded and directs the University of Ottawa Sociolinguistics Laboratory.
Haruai is one of two languages of the Piawi family of New Guinea. The language has borrowings from Kalam. Young men are likely to know Kobon and Tok Pisin,but many Haruai are monolingual. Haruai is also commonly known as Waibuk,also Wiyaw,Wovan,Taman.
Jeroen van de Weijer is a Dutch linguist who teaches phonology,morphology,phonetics,psycholinguistics,historical linguistics and other courses at Shenzhen University,where he is Distinguished Professor of English linguistics at the School of Foreign Languages. Before,he was Full Professor of English Linguistics at Shanghai International Studies University,in the School of English Studies.
David Bradley is a linguist who specializes in the Tibeto-Burman languages of Southeast Asia. Born in the United States,Bradley was educated at the SOAS,University of London. He has spent most of his career in Australia and is currently professor emeritus at La Trobe University. Bradley has been an invited lecturer and keynote speaker many times and throughout the world,in particular the Himalayan Languages Symposium and the International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics.
Anna Siewierska was a Polish-born linguist who worked in Australia,Poland,the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. She was professor of linguistics at Department of Linguistics and English Language Lancaster University and a leading specialist in language typology.
The bibliography of code-switching comprises all academic and peer-reviewed works on the topic of code-switching. It is sorted by category,then alphabetically.
Artemis Alexiadou is a Greek linguist active in syntax research working in Germany. She is professor of English linguistics at the Humboldt University of Berlin.
Susan M. Fitzmaurice is a British linguist. Since 2006,she has been professor and chair of English linguistics at the University of Sheffield as well as vice-president and head of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities. She works on the historical linguistics of English,specialising in historical pragmatics,socio-linguistics and computational linguistics. From 2020 until 2024,she served as president of the Philological Society.
Alexander Thomas Bergs is a German linguist and professor of English linguistics at the University of Osnabrück.
Henk van Riemsdijk is a Dutch linguist and professor emeritus at Tilburg University.
