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Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin found in citrus and other fruits and vegetables,and also sold as a dietary supplement. It is used to prevent and treat scurvy. Vitamin C is an essential nutrient involved in the repair of tissue,the formation of collagen,and the enzymatic production of certain neurotransmitters. It is required for the functioning of several enzymes and is important for immune system function. It also functions as an antioxidant. Most animals are able to synthesize their own vitamin C. However,apes and monkeys,most bats,some rodents,and certain other animals must acquire it from dietary sources.
A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules closely related chemically,i.e. vitamers) that is an essential micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism. Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism,either at all or not in sufficient quantities,and therefore must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others;it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not include the three other groups of essential nutrients:minerals,essential fatty acids,and essential amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules,but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example,there are eight vitamers of vitamin E:four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins,by including choline,but major health organizations list thirteen:vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol,all-trans-retinyl-esters,as well as all-trans-beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids),vitamin B1 (thiamine),vitamin B2 (riboflavin),vitamin B3 (niacin),vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid),vitamin B6 (pyridoxine),vitamin B7 (biotin),vitamin B9 (folic acid or folate),vitamin B12 (cobalamins),vitamin C (ascorbic acid),vitamin D (calciferols),vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols),and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).
Pantothenic acid,also called vitamin B5 is a water-soluble B vitamin and therefore an essential nutrient. All animals require pantothenic acid in order to synthesize coenzyme A (CoA) –essential for fatty acid metabolism –as well as to,in general,synthesize and metabolize proteins,carbohydrates,and fats.
Biotin,also called vitamin B7,is one of the B vitamins. It is involved in a wide range of metabolic processes,both in humans and in other organisms,primarily related to the utilization of fats,carbohydrates,and amino acids. The name biotin derives from the Greek word “bios”(to live) and the suffix “-in”(a general chemical suffix used in organic chemistry).
A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive,grow,and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals,plants,fungi,and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to create non-cellular structures,such as hair,scales,feathers,or exoskeletons. Some nutrients can be metabolically converted to smaller molecules in the process of releasing energy,such as for carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,and fermentation products,leading to end-products of water and carbon dioxide. All organisms require water. Essential nutrients for animals are the energy sources,some of the amino acids that are combined to create proteins,a subset of fatty acids,vitamins and certain minerals. Plants require more diverse minerals absorbed through roots,plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed through leaves. Fungi live on dead or living organic matter and meet nutrient needs from their host.
Vitamin deficiency is the condition of a long-term lack of a vitamin. When caused by not enough vitamin intake it is classified as a primary deficiency,whereas when due to an underlying disorder such as malabsorption it is called a secondary deficiency. An underlying disorder may be metabolic –as in a genetic defect for converting tryptophan to niacin –or from lifestyle choices that increase vitamin needs,such as smoking or drinking alcohol. Government guidelines on vitamin deficiencies advise certain intakes for healthy people,with specific values for women,men,babies,the elderly,and during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Many countries have mandated vitamin food fortification programs to prevent commonly occurring vitamin deficiencies.
A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement one's diet by taking a pill,capsule,tablet,powder,or liquid. A supplement can provide nutrients either extracted from food sources or that are synthetic in order to increase the quantity of their consumption. The class of nutrient compounds includes vitamins,minerals,fiber,fatty acids,and amino acids. Dietary supplements can also contain substances that have not been confirmed as being essential to life,but are marketed as having a beneficial biological effect,such as plant pigments or polyphenols. Animals can also be a source of supplement ingredients,such as collagen from chickens or fish for example. These are also sold individually and in combination,and may be combined with nutrient ingredients. The European Commission has also established harmonized rules to help insure that food supplements are safe and appropriately labeled.
In the context of nutrition,a mineral is a chemical element required as an essential nutrient by organisms to perform functions necessary for life. However,the four major structural elements in the human body by weight,are usually not included in lists of major nutrient minerals. These four elements compose about 96% of the weight of the human body,and major minerals (macrominerals) and minor minerals compose the remainder.
The Reference Daily Intake (RDI) used in nutrition labeling on food and dietary supplement products in the U.S. and Canada is the daily intake level of a nutrient that is considered to be sufficient to meet the requirements of 97–98% of healthy individuals in every demographic in the United States. While developed for the US population,it has been adopted by other countries,though not universally.
The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is a system of nutrition recommendations from the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) of the National Academies. It was introduced in 1997 in order to broaden the existing guidelines known as Recommended Dietary Allowances. The DRI values differ from those used in nutrition labeling on food and dietary supplement products in the U.S. and Canada,which uses Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs) and Daily Values (%DV) which were based on outdated RDAs from 1968 but were updated as of 2016.
A multivitamin is a preparation intended to serve as a dietary supplement with vitamins,dietary minerals,and other nutritional elements. Such preparations are available in the form of tablets,capsules,pastilles,powders,liquids,or injectable formulations. Other than injectable formulations,which are only available and administered under medical supervision,multivitamins are recognized by the Codex Alimentarius Commission as a category of food.
Sodium selenite is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2SeO3. This salt is a colourless solid. The pentahydrate Na2SeO3(H2O)5 is the most common water-soluble selenium compound.
Chromium deficiency is described as the consequence of an insufficient dietary intake of the mineral chromium. Chromium was first proposed as an essential element for normal glucose metabolism in 1959,and was widely accepted as being such by the 1990s. Cases of deficiency were described in people who received all of their nutrition intravenously for long periods of time.
Nutrition and pregnancy refers to the nutrient intake,and dietary planning that is undertaken before,during and after pregnancy. Nutrition of the fetus begins at conception. For this reason,the nutrition of the mother is important from before conception as well as throughout pregnancy and breast feeding. An ever-increasing number of studies have shown that the nutrition of the mother will have an effect on the child,up to and including the risk for cancer,cardiovascular disease,hypertension and diabetes throughout life.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) provide nutritional advice for Americans who are healthy or who are at risk for chronic disease but do not currently have chronic disease. The Guidelines are published every five years by the US Department of Agriculture,together with the US Department of Health and Human Services. Notably,the most recent ninth edition for 2020–2025 includes dietary guidelines for children from birth to 23 months. In addition to the Dietary Guidelines per se,there additional tools for assessing diet and nutrition,including the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) which can be used to assess the quality of a given selection of foods in the context of the Dietary Guidelines. Also provided are additional explanations regarding customization of the Guidelines to individual eating preferences,application of the Guidelines during pregnancy and infancy,the USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review,information about the Nutrition Communicators Network and the MyPlate initiative,information from the National Academies about redesigning the process by which the Dietary Guidelines for Americans are created,and information about dietary guidelines from other nations.
Canadian health claims by Health Canada,the department of the Government of Canada responsible for national health,has allowed five scientifically verified disease risk reduction claims to be used on food labels and on food advertising. Other countries,including the United States and Great Britain,have approved similar health claims on food labels.
Vegan nutrition refers to the nutritional and human health aspects of vegan diets. A well-planned,balanced vegan diet is suitable to meet all recommendations for nutrients in every stage of human life. Vegan diets tend to be higher in dietary fiber,magnesium,folic acid,vitamin C,vitamin E,iron,and phytochemicals;and lower in calories,saturated fat,cholesterol,long-chain omega-3 fatty acids,vitamin D,calcium,zinc,and vitamin B12.
Cecile Hoover Edwards was an American nutritional researcher whose career focused on improving the nutrition and well-being of disadvantaged people. Her scientific focus was on finding low-cost foods with an optimal amino acid composition,with a special interest in methionine metabolism. She was also a university administrator,serving as dean of several schools within Howard University between 1974 and 1990.
Lisa Bodnar is an American nutritional and perinatal epidemiologist. She is the Vice-Chair for Research and a tenured professor at University of Pittsburgh. Her research focuses on the contributions of pregnancy weight gain,dietary patterns,maternal obesity,and maternal vitamin D deficiency to adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes.
Cheryl Ann Marie Anderson is an American epidemiologist. Anderson is a professor at and founding Dean of the University of California San Diego Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science. Anderson's research focus is on nutrition and chronic disease prevention in under-served human populations.
References
- 1 2 "Regan Bailey". purdue.edu. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- 1 2 Oates, Matthew (October 21, 2020). "Purdue nutrition epidemiologist elected to National Academy of Medicine". purdue.edu. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- 1 2 "Purdue HHS faculty named to 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee". purdue.edu. February 25, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ↑ "Faculty members receive Showalter funding". purdue.edu. November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ↑ Oates, Matthew (June 21, 2019). "Too much sodium, not enough vitamins and minerals in diets of pregnant women". purdue.edu. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ↑ Oates, Matthew (January 15, 2019). "Feed the need: Toddlers' nutrition often short on vitamins, minerals, but long on sugar, salt". purdue.edu. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ↑ "College of Health and Human Sciences announces faculty promotions". purdue.edu. May 1, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2020.