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Vitamins are organic molecules that are essential to an organism in small quantities for proper metabolic function. Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism in sufficient quantities for survival,and therefore must be obtained through the diet. For example,vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others;it is not considered a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. Most vitamins are not single molecules,but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example,there are eight vitamers of vitamin E:four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is a B vitamin and an essential nutrient. All animals need pantothenic acid in order to synthesize coenzyme A (CoA),which is essential for cellular energy production and for the synthesis and degradation of proteins,carbohydrates,and fats.
A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive,grow and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals,plants,fungi and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to create non-cellular structures such as hair,scales,feathers,or exoskeletons. Some nutrients can be metabolically converted into smaller molecules in the process of releasing energy such as for carbohydrates,lipids,proteins and fermentation products leading to end-products of water and carbon dioxide. All organisms require water. Essential nutrients for animals are the energy sources,some of the amino acids that are combined to create proteins,a subset of fatty acids,vitamins and certain minerals. Plants require more diverse minerals absorbed through roots,plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed through leaves. Fungi live on dead or living organic matter and meet nutrient needs from their host.
Vitamin deficiency is the condition of a long-term lack of a vitamin. When caused by not enough vitamin intake it is classified as a primary deficiency,whereas when due to an underlying disorder such as malabsorption it is called a secondary deficiency. An underlying disorder can have 2 main causes:
A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement a person's diet by taking a pill,capsule,tablet,powder,or liquid. A supplement can provide nutrients either extracted from food sources,or that are synthetic. The classes of nutrient compounds in supplements include vitamins,minerals,fiber,fatty acids,and amino acids. Dietary supplements can also contain substances that have not been confirmed as being essential to life,and so are not nutrients per se,but are marketed as having a beneficial biological effect,such as plant pigments or polyphenols. Animals can also be a source of supplement ingredients,such as collagen from chickens or fish for example. These are also sold individually and in combination,and may be combined with nutrient ingredients. The European Commission has also established harmonized rules to help insure that food supplements are safe and appropriately labeled.
In the context of nutrition,a mineral is a chemical element. Some "minerals" are essential for life,but most are not. Minerals are one of the four groups of essential nutrients;the others are vitamins,essential fatty acids,and essential amino acids. The five major minerals in the human body are calcium,phosphorus,potassium,sodium,and magnesium. The remaining minerals are called "trace elements". The generally accepted trace elements are iron,chlorine,cobalt,copper,zinc,manganese,molybdenum,iodine,selenium,and bromine;there is some evidence that there may be more.
In the U.S. and Canada,the Reference Daily Intake (RDI) is used in nutrition labeling on food and dietary supplement products to indicate the daily intake level of a nutrient that is considered to be sufficient to meet the requirements of 97–98% of healthy individuals in every demographic in the United States. While developed for the US population,it has been adopted by Canada.
Endive is a leaf vegetable belonging to the genus Cichorium,which includes several similar bitter-leafed vegetables. Species include Cichorium endivia,Cichorium pumilum,and Cichorium intybus. Chicory includes types such as radicchio,puntarelle,and Belgian endive.
The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is a system of nutrition recommendations from the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) of the National Academies. It was introduced in 1997 in order to broaden the existing guidelines known as Recommended Dietary Allowances. The DRI values differ from those used in nutrition labeling on food and dietary supplement products in the U.S. and Canada,which uses Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs) and Daily Values (%DV) which were based on outdated RDAs from 1968 but were updated as of 2016.
Rice milk is a plant milk made from rice. Commercial rice milk is typically manufactured using brown rice and brown rice syrup,and may be sweetened using sugar or sugar substitutes,and flavored by common ingredients,such as vanilla. It is commonly fortified with protein and micronutrients,such as vitamin B12,calcium,iron,or vitamin D.
White rice is milled rice that has had its husk,bran,and germ removed. This alters the flavor,texture and appearance of the rice and helps prevent spoilage,extend its storage life,and makes it easier to digest. After milling (hulling),the rice is polished,resulting in a seed with a bright,white,shiny appearance.
A multivitamin is a preparation intended to serve as a dietary supplement with vitamins,dietary minerals,and other nutritional elements. Such preparations are available in the form of tablets,capsules,pastilles,powders,liquids,gummies,or injectable formulations. Other than injectable formulations,which are only available and administered under medical supervision,multivitamins are recognized by the Codex Alimentarius Commission as a category of food.
Nutritional yeast is a deactivated yeast,often a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae,that is sold commercially as a food product. It is sold in the form of yellow flakes,granules,or powder,and may be found in the bulk aisle of natural food stores. It is used by vegans and vegetarians as an ingredient in recipes or as a condiment.
Rolled oats are a type of lightly processed whole-grain food. They are made from oat groats that have been dehusked and steamed,before being rolled into flat flakes under heavy rollers and then stabilized by being lightly toasted.
Nutrition and pregnancy refers to the nutrient intake,and dietary planning that is undertaken before,during and after pregnancy. Nutrition of the fetus begins at conception. For this reason,the nutrition of the mother is important from before conception as well as throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding. An ever-increasing number of studies have shown that the nutrition of the mother will have an effect on the child,up to and including the risk for cancer,cardiovascular disease,hypertension and diabetes throughout life.
Almond butter is a food paste made from grinding almonds into a nut butter. Almond butter may be "crunchy" or "smooth",and is generally "stir" or "no-stir" (emulsified). Almond butter may be either raw or roasted,but this describes the almonds themselves,prior to grinding.
The liver of mammals,fowl,and fish is commonly eaten as food by humans. Pork,lamb,veal,beef,chicken,goose,and cod livers are widely available from butchers and supermarkets while stingray and burbot livers are common in some European countries.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) provide nutritional advice for Americans who are healthy or who are at risk for chronic disease but do not currently have chronic disease. The Guidelines are published every five years by the US Department of Agriculture,together with the US Department of Health and Human Services. Notably,the most recent ninth edition for 2020–25 includes dietary guidelines for children from birth to 23 months. In addition to the Dietary Guidelines per se,there are additional tools for assessing diet and nutrition,including the Healthy Eating Index (HEI),which can be used to assess the quality of a given selection of foods in the context of the Dietary Guidelines. Also provided are additional explanations regarding customization of the Guidelines to individual eating preferences,application of the Guidelines during pregnancy and infancy,the USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review,information about the Nutrition Communicators Network and the MyPlate initiative,information from the National Academies about redesigning the process by which the Dietary Guidelines for Americans are created,and information about dietary guidelines from other nations.
Vegan nutrition refers to the nutritional and human health aspects of vegan diets. A well-planned vegan diet is suitable to meet all recommendations for nutrients in every stage of human life. Vegan diets tend to be higher in dietary fiber,magnesium,folic acid,vitamin C,vitamin E,and phytochemicals;and lower in calories,saturated fat,iron,cholesterol,long-chain omega-3 fatty acids,vitamin D,calcium,zinc,and vitamin B12.
Cheryl Ann Marie Anderson is an American epidemiologist. Anderson is a professor at and founding Dean of the University of California San Diego Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science. Anderson's research focus is on nutrition and chronic disease prevention in under-served human populations.
References
- 1 2 "Regan Bailey". purdue.edu. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- 1 2 Oates, Matthew (October 21, 2020). "Purdue nutrition epidemiologist elected to National Academy of Medicine". purdue.edu. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- 1 2 "Purdue HHS faculty named to 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee". purdue.edu. February 25, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ↑ "Faculty members receive Showalter funding". purdue.edu. November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ↑ Oates, Matthew (June 21, 2019). "Too much sodium, not enough vitamins and minerals in diets of pregnant women". purdue.edu. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ↑ Oates, Matthew (January 15, 2019). "Feed the need: Toddlers' nutrition often short on vitamins, minerals, but long on sugar, salt". purdue.edu. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ↑ "College of Health and Human Sciences announces faculty promotions". purdue.edu. May 1, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2020.