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Retroactive nomenclature is the telling of the earlier history of a person, place or thing while referring to said person, place or thing by a name that came into use at a later date.
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One easily understandable example of retroactive nomenclature is the tradition in many countries that a woman adopts the surname of the man she marries while remembering her "maiden name" as the way she was referred to her pre-marital days. Radio talk-show host Michael Medved once made the statement: "Hillary Clinton used to be conservative when I knew her in our college days." But in Hillary Rodham's college days she was not yet married to Bill Clinton; therefore there was no "Hillary Clinton" at that time. However, in such a case as this it is easily understood that he meant the woman who later became known as Hillary Clinton.
Similarly, the events of a future monarch's life are often recounted with the regnal name, as in "Queen Victoria was born in 1819". (Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent was born in 1819 and became queen in 1837.)
When people today read ancient histories, confusion sometimes results from the fact that in earlier ages historical characters changed their names more often than is common for people to do today, and ancient historians often told earlier stories using later names.
It is possible that King David's name during his boyhood and youth was Elhanan, and his father Jesse, likewise, had the earlier names of Jaare-Oregim and Jair. Although he was not known as "David" until later, one Biblical account (1 Samuel chapter 17) tells the story of his slaying the Philistine giant Goliath, while still calling him David. In 2 Samuel 21:19 he is called Elhanan.
In Chinese history, retroactive nomenclature is widely used by historians when referring to its monarchs and dynasties.
Chinese sovereigns were assigned posthumous titles in the form of posthumous names and temple names after their deaths, either by their descendants or by rulers of successive dynasties. [1] For example, Liu Xiu of the Eastern Han dynasty is widely known as the "Emperor Guangwu of Han" with "Emperor Guangwu" being his posthumous name. [2] Li Xian of the Tang dynasty is commonly referred to as the "Emperor Zhongzong of Tang" with "Zhongzong" being his temple name. [2] As monarchs from different dynasties could be given the same posthumous name and/or temple name, historians tend to affix the dynastic name after such titles in English writings (e.g., "Emperor Guangwu of Han", "Emperor Zhongzong of Tang") or before such titles in Chinese writings to avoid potential confusion. Chinese monarchs up to the Sui dynasty are frequently referred to by their posthumous name; those from the Tang dynasty to the Yuan dynasty are usually known by their temple name; monarchs of the Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty are commonly referred to by their era name. [2] Within the Sinosphere, Vietnam and Korea adopted posthumous names, temple names and era names; while Japan adopted only posthumous names and era names.
As it was common for Chinese dynasties to adopt the same Chinese characters for their official dynastic name, historians apply prefixes to the names of dynasties in order to distinguish between the numerous similarly-named regimes. [3] [4] For instance, the dynasty founded by Guo Wei is known as the "Later Zhou dynasty", [5] with the prefix "Later" being used to differentiate this particular realm from the Western Zhou dynasty founded by Ji Fa, [6] the Eastern Zhou dynasty established by Ji Yijiu, [7] the Northern Zhou dynasty started by Yuwen Jue, [8] and the Wu Zhou dynasty proclaimed by Wu Zhao, [9] among others.
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"Jew" originally meant a person from the nation of Judah (called "Judea" by the Roman Empire), which came into existence after the reign of King Solomon, when the nation of Israel was divided in two. Those from Israel prior to then – the Hebrew slaves in Egypt, as well as the Patriarchs from whom they descended –- were not "Jews" in this technical sense, but Jewish historians still refer to these earlier ancestors as Jews.
The inhabitants of places prior to colonization can take on the name that the land later comes to be known as: Native Americans and Aboriginal Australians are two examples.
"The Day the Music Died" refers to the plane crash that took the lives of rock-and-roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson in 1959, but was not used popularly until 1971 when singer-songwriter Don McLean coined it in "American Pie".
The Chinese sovereign is the ruler of a particular period in ancient China, and later imperial China. Several titles and naming schemes have been used throughout history.
Emperor of China was the title given to the monarch of China during the Imperial Period of Chinese history. In traditional Chinese political theory, the Emperor was considered the Son of Heaven and the autocrat of All under Heaven. Under the Han dynasty, Confucianism replaced Legalism as the official political theory and succession theoretically followed agnatic primogeniture. The Chinese emperors who shared the same family were classified into historical periods known as dynasties.
Temple names are posthumous titles that were given to East Asian monarchs. The practice of honoring monarchs with temple names began during the Shang dynasty in China and had since been adopted by other dynastic regimes in the Sinosphere, with the notable exception of Japan. Temple names should not be confused with era names and posthumous names.
A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in East Asia after the person's death, and is used almost exclusively instead of one's personal name or other official titles which had been used during the person's life. The posthumous name is commonly used when naming royalty of China, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.
Luoyang is a city located in the confluence area of Luo River and Yellow River in the west of Henan province. Governed as a prefecture-level city, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast, Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, Jiyuan to the north, and Jiaozuo to the northeast. As of the final 2010 census, Luoyang had a population of 6,549,941 inhabitants with 1,857,003 people living in the built-up area made of the city's five urban districts, all of which except the Jili District are not urbanized yet.
Wu Zetian, alternatively named Wu Zhao, Wu Hou, and during the later Tang dynasty as Tian Hou, was the de facto ruler of China, first through her husband the Emperor Gaozong and then through her sons the Emperors Zhongzong and Ruizong, from 665 to 690. She subsequently became empress regnant of the Zhou dynasty (周) of China, ruling from 690 to 705. She is notable for being the only female monarch in the history of China.
Dynasties in Chinese history, or Chinese dynasties, were hereditary monarchical regimes that ruled over China during much of its history. From the inauguration of dynastic rule by Yu the Great in circa 2070 BC to the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor on 12 February 1912 in the wake of the Xinhai Revolution, China was ruled by a series of successive dynasties. Dynasties of China were not limited to those established by ethnic Han—the dominant Chinese ethnic group—and its predecessor, the Huaxia tribal confederation, but also included those founded by non-Han peoples.
Fàn is a Chinese family name. Is it also one of the most common surnames in Vietnam, where it is written Pham. It is the 46th name on the Hundred Family Surnames poem.
Empress Wei was an empress of the Chinese Tang Dynasty. She was the second wife of Emperor Zhongzong, who reigned twice, and during his second reign, she tried to emulate the example of her mother-in-law Wu Zetian and seize power. She was in charge of government affairs during her husband's reign. After Emperor Zhongzong's death in 710—a death traditionally believed to be a poisoning she carried out together with her daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle—which gave her the power to become the empress dowager and regent, but in short order was overthrown and killed in a coup led by Emperor Zhongzong's nephew Li Longji and Emperor Zhongzong's sister Princess Taiping.
Su Liangsi (蘇良嗣), formally the Duke of Wen (溫公), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving as chancellor during the regency of Empress dowager Wu.
Wei Juyuan (韋巨源), formally Duke Zhao of Shu (舒昭公), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving multiple times as chancellor during the reigns of Wu Zetian, her son Emperor Zhongzong, and her grandson Emperor Shang. During Emperor Zhongzong's reign, he became aligned with Emperor Zhongzong's powerful wife Empress Wei, and after Emperor Zhongzong's death in 710 and a coup led by Emperor Zhongzong's sister Princess Taiping and Emperor Zhongzong's nephew Li Longji the Prince of Linzi killed Empress Wei, Wei Juyuan was also killed.
Yuan Shuji (袁恕己), formally Prince Zhenlie of Nanyang (南陽貞烈王), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Zhongzong. He was a key figure in the coup that overthrew Wu Zetian and restored Emperor Zhongzong in 705, but was later exiled due to false accusations instigated by Wu Zetian's nephew Wu Sansi and killed in exile in a cruel manner.
Li Duozuo, formally the Prince of Liaoyang (遼陽王), was an ethnically Mohe general of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty. He is mostly known for his participation in the successful coup of 705 that overthrew Wu Zetian and returned her son Emperor Zhongzong to the throne, and the failed coup of 707 in which Emperor Zhongzong's son Li Chongjun tried to overthrow Emperor Zhongzong's wife Empress Wei.
The following is a family tree of Chinese emperors (420–1279), from the Northern and Southern dynasties period, of first half of the fifth century AD, until the conquest of China by the Mongols under Kublai Khan, and the end of the Southern Song dynasty in 1279.
Su Ting, courtesy name Tingshuo (廷碩), formally Duke Wenxian of Xu (許文憲公), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. He was a capable supporting chancellor to Song Jing, and he was also immensely gifted literarily, ranking with Zhang Yue as the two great literary figures of their time. They were known in unison as 燕许大手笔.
Chinese era names were titles used by various Chinese dynasties and regimes in Imperial China for the purpose of year identification and numbering. The first monarch to adopt era names was the Emperor Wu of Han in 140 BCE, and this system remained the official method of year identification and numbering until the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 CE. Other polities in the Sinosphere—Korea, Vietnam and Japan—also adopted the concept of era name as a result of Chinese cultural influence.
The Wu Zhou, known officially as Zhou, also called the Southern Zhou dynasty, Second Zhou dynasty or Restored Zhou dynasty, was a Chinese dynasty that existed between 690 and 705 AD, when Wu Zetian ruled as Empress Regnant. The dynasty began when Wu Zhao, which was Wu Zetian's personal name, usurped the throne of her son, the Emperor Ruizong of Tang, and lasted until Emperor Zhongzong of Tang was restored to the throne. Historians generally view the Wu Zhou as an interregnum of the Tang dynasty.