Rice ragged stunt virus

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Rice ragged stunt virus
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Duplornaviricota
Class: Resentoviricetes
Order: Reovirales
Family: Reoviridae
Genus: Oryzavirus
Species:
Rice ragged stunt virus
Synonyms

Rice infectious gall virus

Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Reoviridae .

RRSV, vectored by the brown planthopper (BPH) (Delphacidae: Nilaparvata lugens), causes ragged stunt disease of rice (Oryza spp., especially Oryza sativa). [1] The virus, first described by Hibino, Ling and Shikata, [2] [3] [4] is also less commonly known as rice infectious gall virus. [5] RRSV has polyhedral particles about 50 nm in diameter possessing spikes (and perhaps a complete outer shell) to a diameter of 65 nm. The particles contain double-stranded RNA in ten segments. RRSV can only infect plants in the family Poaceae, i.e. grasses including rice. The virus can only be transmitted by BPH and is not mechanically transmitted to plants.

Rice plants infected with RRSV are stunted with whitish spindle-shaped outgrowths. Later the infected leaves become twisted with ragged edges, and may eventually turn brown. Rice plants may survive the infection, but yields are greatly reduced due to delayed flowering, incomplete panicle emergence, and unfilled grains. [6] Symptoms of RRSV infection vary with the variety of rice and stage of growth. Most rice varieties of Oryza sativa japonica and Oryza sativa indica are susceptible to RRSV though several resistant varieties are available. [7] Attempts to prevent RRSV infections by controlling BPH with insecticides often have the opposite effect of facilitating RRSV outbreaks; this can be due to a disproportionate effect of insecticides on the natural enemies of BPH. Certain types of insecticides (e.g., triazophos) increase the birthrates of BPH through their effects on the reproductive systems of male and female planthoppers. [8] [9] The increase in BPH populations not only increases the incidence of RRSV within a field, but as the BPH become crowded they transform into long-winged migratory forms (known as macropterous forms) and spread RRSV to fields up to hundreds of kilometers away. [10]

During an outbreak it is difficult to distinguish RRSV yield losses from losses caused by BPH feeding. BPH also vectors rice grassy stunt virus (RGSV). It is often not possible to quantify how much of the crop loss was due to RRSV, RGSV, or BPH feeding damage. [11] Field trials in Indonesia indicate that with a rice ragged stunt incidence of 34–76%, grain yields are only 17–47% of healthy plant yields. [12] RRSV has been reported from China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. [13] [14] Presence of RRSV is suspected, but not confirmed, in Cambodia, Lao PDR (Laos), and Myanmar (Burma). There were major outbreaks of RRSV and RGSV in China and Vietnam in 2006–2007. [15] [16]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rice</span> Cereal (Oryza sativa)

Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa or, less commonly, O. glaberrima. The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia, both wild and domesticated, although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Integrated pest management</span> Approach for economic control of pests

Integrated pest management (IPM), also known as integrated pest control (IPC) is a broad-based approach that integrates both chemical and non-chemical practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL). The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization defines IPM as "the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms." Entomologists and ecologists have urged the adoption of IPM pest control since the 1970s. IPM allows for safer pest control.

<i>Oryza sativa</i> Species of plant

Oryza sativa, commonly known as rice, is the plant species most commonly referred to in English as rice. It is the type of farmed rice whose cultivars are most common globally, and was first domesticated in the Yangtze River basin in China 13,500 to 8,200 years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brown planthopper</span> Species of planthopper

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) is a planthopper species that feeds on rice plants. These insects are among the most important pests of rice, which is the major staple crop for about half the world's population. They damage rice directly through feeding and also by transmitting two viruses, rice ragged stunt virus and rice grassy stunt virus. Up to 60% yield loss is common in susceptible rice cultivars attacked by the insect. The BPH is distributed throughout Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, North and South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Their alternative host plant other than rice is Leersia hexandra.

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Rice hoja blanca tenuivirus (RHBV), Spanish for "white leaf rice virus", is a plant virus in the family Phenuiviridae. RHBV causes Hoja blanca disease (HBD), which affects the leaves of the rice plant Oryza sativa, stunting the growth of the plant or killing it altogether. RHBV is carried by an insect vector, Tagosodes orizicolus, a type of planthopper. The virus is found in South America, Mexico, throughout Central America, the Caribbean region, and the southern United States. In South America, the disease is endemic to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Suriname, French Guiana and Guyana.

<i>Fijivirus</i> Genus of viruses

Fijivirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae and subfamily Spinareovirinae. Plants serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this genus include: galls (tumours) in infected plants and Fiji disease, with severe stunting, deformation and death. The group name derives from Fiji island the place where the first virus was isolated. There are nine species in this genus.

<i>Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus</i> Species of virus

Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus(INSV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the order Bunyavirales. It was originally believed to be another strain of Tomato spotted wilt virus, but genetic investigations revealed them to be separate viruses. It is a negative-strand RNA virus which has a tripartite genome. It is largely spread by the insect vector of the western flower thrips. The virus infects more than 648 species of plants including important horticultural and agricultural species such as fuchsia, tomato, orchids, and lettuce (especially romaine). As the name implies, the main symptom on plants is necrotic spots that appear on the leaves. The INSV virus infects by injecting the RNA the virus contains into the cell which then starts using the cell resources to transcribe what the virus RNA states. Viral infection can often result in the death of the plant. The disease is mainly controlled by the elimination of the western flower thrip vector and by destroying any infected plant material.

Rice grassy stunt virus (RGSV) is a plant pathogenic virus transmitted by the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, and two other Nilaparvata species, N. bakeri and N. muiri.

Rice stripe tenuivirus is an RNA plant pathogen of the genus Tenuivirus. It is prevalent in Japan, China, and Korea and can infect plants of the family Poaceae, which include wheat and corn. Damage from this disease causes major reductions in rice crop yield every year.

<i>Phytoreovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Phytoreovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Reoviridae, in the subfamily Sedoreovirinae. They are non-turreted reoviruses that are major agricultural pathogens, particularly in Asia. Oryza sativa for RDV and RGDV, dicotyledonous for WTV, and leafhoppers serve as natural hosts. There are three species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: WTV: galls (tumor). RDV: dwarf disease of rice. RGDV: dwarfing, stunting, and galls.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perennial rice</span> Varieties of rice that can grow season after season without re-seeding

Perennial rice are varieties of long-lived rice that are capable of regrowing season after season without reseeding; they are being developed by plant geneticists at several institutions. Although these varieties are genetically distinct and will be adapted for different climates and cropping systems, their lifespan is so different from other kinds of rice that they are collectively called perennial rice. Perennial rice—like many other perennial plants—can spread by horizontal stems below or just above the surface of the soil but they also reproduce sexually by producing flowers, pollen and seeds. As with any other grain crop, it is the seeds that are harvested and eaten by humans.

<i>Leersia hexandra</i> Species of plant

Leersia hexandra is a species of grass known by the common names southern cutgrass, clubhead cutgrass, and swamp rice grass. It has a pantropical distribution. It is also an introduced species in many regions, sometimes becoming invasive, and it is an agricultural weed of various crops, especially rice. It is also cultivated as a forage for livestock.

Orseolia oryzae, also called the Asian rice gall midge, is a species of small fly in the family Cecidomyiidae. It is a major insect pest of rice. The damage to the crop is done by the larvae which form galls commonly known as "silver shoots" or "onion shoots". The rice plant is stunted and the seed heads fail to develop.

Oryzavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae and subfamily Spinareovirinae. Member viruses infect plants and are transmitted by planthoppers. Diseases associated with this genus include: rice stunting, enations on veins of leaves and leaf sheaths, ragged leaves, and flower suppression. There are two species in this genus.

Tungrovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Caulimoviridae, order Ortervirales. Monocots and family Poaceae serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Rice tungro bacilliform virus. Diseases associated with this genus include: stunting, yellow to orange leaf discoloration with fewer tillers. Tungro means 'degenerated growth' in a Filipino dialect and the virus was first observed in the Philippines 1975.

<i>Leptocorisa oratoria</i> Species of true bug

Leptocorisa oratoria, the rice ear bug, is an insect from the family Alydidae, the broad-headed bugs. This species is commonly confused with Leptocorisa acuta, and other similar, related "rice bug" genera and species.

Oryza eichingeri is a species of wild rice in the family Poaceae, with a disjunct distribution in Ivory Coast, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and Sri Lanka. It is being studied as a source of genes for resistance to the brown planthopper, an important pest of cultivated rice.

References

  1. ↑ (AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses)
  2. ↑ Hibino, Roechan, Sudarisman & Tantera, Contr. cent. Res. Inst. Agric., Bogor, Indonesia No. 35, 15 pp., 1977
  3. ↑ Ling, Int. Rice Res. Newsl. 2(5): 6, 1977.
  4. ↑ Shikata, Leelapanang, Tiongco & Ling, Int. Rice Res. Newsl. 2(5): 7, 1977.
  5. ↑ Bergonia, Philipp. Phytopath. 13: 2, 1977.
  6. ↑ Shikata, Senboku, Kamjaipai, Chou, Tiongco & Ling, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 45: 436, 1979.
  7. ↑ Ghosh & John, Pl. Dis. 64: 1032, 1980.
  8. ↑ Ge, Lin-Quan; Yao Chen, Jin-Cai Wu, and Gary C Jahn. 2011. Proteomic analysis of insecticide triazophos-induced mating–responsive proteins of Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera:Delphacidae). J. Proteome Res.. doi : 10.1021/pr200414g.
  9. ↑ Wang, LP, Jun Shen, Lin-Quan Ge, Jin-Cai Wu, Guo-Qin Yang, Gary C. Jahn. 2010. Insecticide-induced increase in the protein content of male accessory glands and its effect on the fecundity of females in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae. Crop Protection 29:1280–1285.
  10. ↑ Denno RF, Roderick GK, Olmstead KL, Dobel HG. 1991. Density-related migration in planthoppers (Homoptera: Delphacidae): the role of habitat persistence. Am. Nat.138:1513–41
  11. ↑ Hibino, Rev. Pl. Prot. Res. 12: 98, 1979.
  12. ↑ Palmer, Soepriaman & Mochida, Int. Rice Res. Newsl. 3(3): 15, 1978.
  13. ↑ Antoniw, John. "Show DPV and Refs in Frame". dpvweb.net. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  14. ↑ "Rice ragged stunt - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank" (PDF). irri.org. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  15. ↑ Cabunagan and Choi 2009 http://ricehoppers.net/2009/06/why-outbreaks-of-virus-diseases-occurred-in-south-vietnam/
  16. ↑ Thomas, Carla S., Noele P. Nelson, Gary C. Jahn, Tianchan Niu, David M. Hartley 2011. Use of media and public-domain Internet sources for detection and assessment of plant health threats. Emerging Health Threats Journal 4: 7157 doi : 10.3402/ehtj.v4i0.7157
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