Richard Paul Bagozzi | |
---|---|
Born | |
Nationality | Italian and American |
Education | BSEE MS MBA MA PhD |
Alma mater | Kettering University University of Colorado Wayne State University University of St. Thomas Northwestern University |
Occupation(s) | Behavioral and social scientist |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Business management Psychology Behavioral science Social science Health sciences |
Institutions | University of Michigan |
Website | https://www.richardbagozzi.com/ |
Richard Paul Bagozzi is an Italian American behavioral and social scientist most known for his work in theory, methodology and empirical research. He is the Dwight F. Benton Professor Emeritus of Marketing at the University of Michigan. [1]
Bagozzi's research is focused on understanding human action, focusing on the distinction between events happening to individuals and their control over events. His work examines individual, interpersonal, and group behaviors amid societal tensions like capitalism and socialism, studying subjects such as consumers, citizens, managers, healthcare professionals, and patients. His research spans the impact of actions on personal and societal well-being, using methods from social psychology and emotion research. He employs surveys, qualitative research, and experiments, often using structural equation models, and incorporates neuroscience techniques like fMRI, EEG, hormonal, and genetic research. [2]
Born in Detroit, Michigan in 1946, Bagozzi completed his undergraduate education in electromagnetic field theory at General Motors Institute (Kettering University) in 1970. He received an MS in Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics from the University of Colorado in 1969, followed by an MBA in General Business from Wayne State University in 1972. His PhD was awarded to him by Northwestern University in 1976, where he studied marketing, psychology, sociology, statistics, philosophy, and anthropology. In 2005, he earned an MA in theology from the University of St. Thomas, Houston. [1]
Bagozzi began his academic career in 1976 as an Assistant Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, then became an Associate Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1979, and afterward moved to Stanford University as an Associate Professor in 1983. Following this, he became a full Professor at the University of Michigan in 1986, where he stayed for 33 years, before retiring in 2023. [1] During his time at Michigan, he went away for 6 years to Rice University to help the Provost Gilbert Whitaker in building the school of management. [3]
Bagozzi has received teaching awards including the Undergraduate School of Business Award (1977-1978) and the University-wide Outstanding Teaching Award, both from the University of California, Berkeley (1978), [4] along with the Outstanding Ph.D. Teaching Award from the University of Michigan (1994, 1998). He is a Fellow of the American Marketing Association, [5] the Association for Consumer Research, [6] the Association for Psychological Science, the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology, and the Michigan Society of Fellows. [7]
Bagozzi was a Senior Fulbright Hays Research Scholar in Germany (1981-1982) and is the recipient of honorary doctorates from the University of Lausanne, Switzerland (2001), Antwerp University, Belgium (2008), [8] and the Norwegian School of Economics (2011). [9] He was awarded the Medal of Science by the University of Bologna, Italy (2013), [10] and was ranked among the top 1% most cited researchers in economics and business between 2002 and 2012 and in the World's Most Influential Scientific Minds in 2014 by Thomson Reuters. [11]
Bagozzi has contributed to the fields of business – marketing, management and organizations, information science, ethics and corporate social responsibility – and in psychology, sociology, statistics, economics, and the health sciences. Much of this work is marked by empirical research grounded in integration of theory and measurement. [2]
Bagozzi proposed marketing as a (social) exchange for the basis of the field. [12] [13] [14] In 2018, he added three systems or processes to marketing as an exchange to undergird its meaning: goal-directed behavior and self-regulation, neuroscience/genes/hormones, and the role of trust, competition, and cooperation in exchanges. [15]
Introducing the notions of emotions, desires, the self-concept, and self-regulation into attitude theory, Bagozzi moved research from the dominant evaluative paradigm of the day to a more expansive conceptualization spanning subfields of psychology and drawing upon philosophical perspectives on desire. [16] [17] This work incorporated determinants of action such as trying to consume, [18] social identity, [17] [19] anticipated emotions, [20] desires [19] [21] and intentions, [22] building on and extending the model of goal-directed behavior. [23] Another aspect of his work in consumer behavior is his research on promotion/prevention focus and fit in health care decisions [24] on the material self, [25] and on conspicuous consumption. [26]
In the 1970s, Bagozzi introduced ideas and empirical research rooted in basic emotions and their cross-cultural differences, [27] self-conscious emotions, [28] [29] moral emotions, [30] [31] and empathy. [32] His work has explored the role of emotions in goal-directed actions, as well as anticipated and anticipatory senses, [17] [20] [33] and can be found in studies of consumers, managers, patients, and healthcare workers. [34] [35]
Bagozzi argued that big ideas or big concepts (big data) are large conceptual schemes that are organized multidimensionally in either sequential [36] [37] or hierarchical structures. [38] According to him, most theories and tests of hypotheses in consumer research and psychology use variables (independent, dependent, mediating, moderating) that are unidimensional and defined as singular concepts and measured with singular scales as averages of items. [39] He showed that higher-order mental structures have capacities and functions not easily, if at all, reducible to the parts represented by lower-order factors or scales. His research further highlighted that hierarchical mental structures possess two general features: they represent subjective experiences, becoming integral to individuals' sense of self and their relationships with the world and others, and they wield explanatory power, functioning holistically as variables within broader theories, whether as independent, dependent, mediating, or moderating elements. As a result, he concluded that big concepts in these senses resemble emergent phenomena and hylomorphic phenomena described in philosophy. [40] Examples include brand love, [41] brand hate, [42] brand coolness, [43] [44] and the material self. [25]
In Bagozzi's perspective, the classical consideration of ideas and theories significantly influences their measurement and study methodologies. [40] In the holistic construal, he suggested a symbiosis between theory and method, where the measurement and testing of theories and ideas influence their perception. [45] [46] He analyzed this relationship through studies on construct validity [47] [48] and the philosophical underpinnings of measurement. [49] His research on measurement and methodology has shown that construct validity poses special problems for artificial intelligence. [40]
Bagozzi proposed that biology constitutes an important framework for studying individual and interpersonal behavior and has made contributions in this area. He focused on the explanation of behavior of managers and consumers, by use of concepts and methods in neuroscience, [50] [51] genetics, [52] and hormones. [53] [54]
Bagozzi has conducted a program of research with managers, primarily sales account managers. This has included work on the relationship between performance and satisfaction, [55] sales call anxiety, [56] [57] and self-conscious emotions such as pride, [58] [59] shame [55] and embarrassment. [60] Much of his work in neuroscience, genetics, hormones, and other research has been in collaboration with sales managers. He has examined the concept of social identity in organizations [61] [62] and extended his contributions to measurement, methodology, [45] [63] [64] [48] neuroscience, genetics, and hormones to organizational behavior. [50]
Bagozzi's program of research in moral behavior has examined offshoring, [65] [66] reshoring, [67] digital piracy, [68] corporate green actions, [30] [69] labor practices, [31] [70] business relations with the local community and contracts and relationships with other companies. [71] His recent research looked into bribery, [72] climate change and COVID-19. [73]
Bagozzi has published in health journals to develop and test theories and to conduct substantive research. His work includes studies of blood donors, [74] bone narrow donors, [75] physician use of drug information sources, [76] processing of drug information by elderly patients, [77] body weight maintenance, [78] decision making by pharmacy and therapeutics committees, [79] [80] self-regulation of hypertension, [81] direct to consumer drug advertising, [82] [83] nutrition, [24] hormone replacement therapy, [84] blood glucose maintenance, [85] and social disparities in diabetes medication adherence. [86]
Bagozzi's theory of happiness is grounded in goal directed behavior and self-regulation, as well as expressive behavior. He has utilized a holistic approach, and his theory incorporates first- and second-person processes with third person perspectives, and has biological, psychological, and social components. [87]
Behavior or behaviour is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems or artificial entities in some environment. These systems can include other systems or organisms as well as the inanimate physical environment. It is the computed response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.
In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is described as the mental disturbance people feel when their beliefs and actions are inconsistent and contradictory, ultimately encouraging some change in order to cause their beliefs and actions to align better and reduce this dissonance. Relevant items of information include peoples' actions, feelings, ideas, beliefs, values, and things in the environment. Cognitive dissonance is typically experienced as psychological stress when persons participate in an action that goes against one or more of those things. According to this theory, when an action or idea is psychologically inconsistent with the other, people do all in their power to change either so that they become consistent. The discomfort is triggered by the person's belief clashing with new information perceived, wherein the individual tries to find a way to resolve the contradiction to reduce their discomfort.
Marketing research is the systematic gathering, recording, and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data about issues relating to marketing products and services. The goal is to identify and assess how changing elements of the marketing mix impacts customer behavior.
Job satisfaction, employee satisfaction or work satisfaction is a measure of workers' contentment with their job, whether they like the job or individual aspects or facets of jobs, such as nature of work or supervision. Job satisfaction can be measured in cognitive (evaluative), affective, and behavioral components. Researchers have also noted that job satisfaction measures vary in the extent to which they measure feelings about the job. or cognitions about the job.
An attitude "is a summary evaluation of an object of thought. An attitude object can be anything a person discriminates or holds in mind." Attitudes include beliefs (cognition), emotional responses (affect) and behavioral tendencies. In the classical definition an attitude is persistent, while in more contemporary conceptualizations, attitudes may vary depending upon situations, context, or moods.
Consumer behaviour is the study of individuals, groups, or organisations and all the activities associated with the purchase, use and disposal of goods and services. Consumer behaviour consists of how the consumer's emotions, attitudes, and preferences affect buying behaviour. Consumer behaviour emerged in the 1940–1950s as a distinct sub-discipline of marketing, but has become an interdisciplinary social science that blends elements from psychology, sociology, social anthropology, anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, marketing, and economics.
The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is a psychological theory that links beliefs to behavior. The theory maintains that three core components, namely, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control, together shape an individual's behavioral intentions. In turn, a tenet of TPB is that behavioral intention is the most proximal determinant of human social behavior.
Neuromarketing is a commercial marketing communication field that applies neuropsychology to market research, studying consumers' sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective responses to marketing stimuli. The potential benefits to marketers include more efficient and effective marketing campaigns and strategies, fewer product and campaign failures, and ultimately the manipulation of the real needs and wants of people to suit the needs and wants of marketing interests.
The theory of reasoned action aims to explain the relationship between attitudes and behaviors within human action. It is mainly used to predict how individuals will behave based on their pre-existing attitudes and behavioral intentions. An individual's decision to engage in a particular behavior is based on the outcomes the individual expects will come as a result of performing the behavior. Developed by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen in 1967, the theory derived from previous research in social psychology, persuasion models, and attitude theories. Fishbein's theories suggested a relationship between attitude and behaviors. However, critics estimated that attitude theories were not proving to be good indicators of human behavior. The TRA was later revised and expanded by the two theorists in the following decades to overcome any discrepancies in the A–B relationship with the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and reasoned action approach (RAA). The theory is also used in communication discourse as a theory of understanding.
Advertising research is a systematic process of marketing research conducted to improve the efficiency of advertising. Advertising research is a detailed study conducted to know how customers respond to a particular ad or advertising campaign.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to marketing:
Alice M. Isen was an American psychologist and Professor of Psychology and of Marketing at Cornell University. A prominent and widely published scholar, her research concerned the influence of "positive affect" on social interaction, thought processes, and decision making, including applications to organizational behavior, medical decision making, doctor-patient interaction, issues in services marketing, and issues related to brand equity and loyalty.
Organizational identification (OI) is a term used in management studies and organizational psychology. The term refers to the propensity of a member of an organization to identify with that organization. OI has been distinguished from "affective organizational commitment". Measures of an individual's OI have been developed, based on questionnaires.
Consumer neuroscience is the combination of consumer research with modern neuroscience. The goal of the field is to find neural explanations for consumer behaviors in individuals both with or without disease.
Moral development focuses on the emergence, change, and understanding of morality from infancy through adulthood. The theory states that morality develops across a lifespan in a variety of ways and is influenced by an individual's experiences and behavior when faced with moral issues through different periods of physical and cognitive development. Morality concerns an individual's reforming sense of what is right and wrong; it is for this reason that young children have different moral judgment and character than that of a grown adult. Morality in itself is often a synonym for "rightness" or "goodness." It also refers to a specific code of conduct that is derived from one's culture, religion, or personal philosophy that guides one's actions, behaviors, and thoughts.
Social emotions are emotions that depend upon the thoughts, feelings or actions of other people, "as experienced, recalled, anticipated or imagined at first hand". Examples are embarrassment, guilt, shame, jealousy, envy, elevation, empathy, and pride. In contrast, basic emotions such as happiness and sadness only require the awareness of one's own physical state. Therefore, the development of social emotions is tightly linked with the development of social cognition, the ability to imagine other people's mental states, which generally develops in adolescence. Studies have found that children as young as 2 to 3 years of age can express emotions resembling guilt and remorse. However, while five-year-old children are able to imagine situations in which basic emotions would be felt, the ability to describe situations in which social emotions might be experienced does not appear until seven years of age.
John O'Shaughnessy was a British academic and business writer.
Kindness priming is an affect-dependent cognitive effect in which subjects will display a positive affect following exposure to kindness.
A consumer-brand relationship, also known as brand relationship, is the relationship that consumers think, feel, and have with a product or company brand. For more than half a century, scholarship has been generated to help managers and stakeholders understand how to drive favorable brand attitudes, brand loyalty, repeat purchase, customer lifetime value, customer advocacy, and communities of like-minded individuals organized around brands. Research has progressed with inspiration from attitude theory and, later, socio-cultural theories, but a perspective introduced in the early 1990s offered new opportunities and insights. The new paradigm focused on the relationships that formed between brands and consumers: an idea that had gained traction in business-to-business marketing scholarship where physical relationships formed between buyers and sellers.
Utpal Dholakia is an Indian American researcher and professor. He is the George R. Brown Professor of Marketing at the Jones Graduate School of Business, Rice University, and the founder of marketing insights consultancy, Empyrean Insights.