| Riodininae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Lysippus metalmark Riodina lysippus | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Riodinidae |
| Subfamily: | Riodininae |
Riodininae is the largest of the three subfamilies within the metalmark butterfly family, Riodinidae.
Riodininae contains the following tribes: [1] [2]
The Pieridae are a large family of butterflies with about 76 genera containing about 1,100 species, mostly from tropical Africa and tropical Asia with some varieties in the more northern regions of North America and Eurasia. Most pierid butterflies are white, yellow, or orange in coloration, often with black spots. The pigments that give the distinct coloring to these butterflies are derived from waste products in the body and are a characteristic of this family. The family was created by William John Swainson in 1820.
Lycaenidae is the second-largest family of butterflies, with over 6,000 species worldwide, whose members are also called gossamer-winged butterflies. They constitute about 30% of the known butterfly species.
The Heliconiinae, commonly called heliconians or longwings, are a subfamily of the brush-footed butterflies. They can be divided into 45–50 genera and were sometimes treated as a separate family Heliconiidae within the Papilionoidea. The colouration is predominantly reddish and black, and though of varying wing shape, the forewings are always elongated tipwards, hence the common name.
Riodinidae is the family of metalmark butterflies. The common name "metalmarks" refers to the small, metallic-looking spots commonly found on their wings. The 1532 species are placed in 146 genera. Although mostly Neotropical in distribution, the family is also represented both in the Nearctic, Palearctic, Australasian (Dicallaneura), Afrotropic, and Indomalayan realms.
Apodemia is a New World genus of metalmark butterflies found from Canada to Brazil.
The Pierinae are a large subfamily of pierid butterflies. The subfamily is one of several clades of butterflies often referred to as the whites.
The Parnassiinae or snow Apollos are a subfamily of the swallowtail butterfly family, Papilionidae. The subfamily includes about 50 medium-sized, white or yellow species. The snow Apollos are high-altitude butterflies and are distributed across Asia, Europe and North America.
The Satyrini is one of the tribes of the subfamily Satyrinae. It includes about 2200 species and is therefore the largest tribe in the subfamily which comprises 2500 species.
The Elymniini is one of the tribes of the subfamily Satyrinae. If the subfamily Satyrinae elevate to family status, this tribe shall be treated as subfamily Elymniinae. Elymniini was formerly a large group, but recently, it is considered to be include only one genus, Elymnias, according to molecular phylogenetic analyses.
The Mesosemiini are one of the tribes of metalmark butterflies. They are the basalmost living tribe of the Riodininae, outside the main radiation together with the slightly more advanced Eurybiini.
Rhetus periander, the Periander metalmark or variable beautymark, is a butterfly of the family Riodinidae. It is found in most of Central America and South America, ranging from Mexico to Brazil and Argentina.
Carla Maria Penz is a butterfly comparative morphologist and systematist, and the Doris Zemurray Stone Chair in Biodiversity at the University of New Orleans. Her research also focuses on natural history and behavior, mostly of neotropical butterflies.
Charis is a genus of the Riodinini tribe of metalmark butterflies. Nineteen species have been identified within the Charis cleonus complex and eight species within the Charis gynaea group (clade). Charis butterflies are common in the Neotropics and often live in primary and secondary growth. The Charis cleonus group exhibits contemporary parapatric distributions throughout Amazonia and are thought to have speciated allopatrically; residing in "areas of endemism". Some evidence suggests that Charis are reproductively isolated by mating preferences for different topographic areas and different times—of which, may have promoted speciation between the various groups.
Emesiini is a tribe of metalmark butterflies in the family Riodinidae. There are at least 2 genera and about 15 described species in Emesiini.
Curvie emesia, the curve-winged metalmark, is a species of metalmark in the butterfly family Riodinidae. It is found in North America.
Apodemia zela, the zela metalmark, is a species of metalmark in the butterfly family Riodinidae. It is found in North America.
Apodemia ares, the ares metalmark, is a species of metalmark in the butterfly family Riodinidae. It is found in North America.
Lasaia is a genus of metalmark butterflies in the family Riodinidae. The genus was erected by Henry Walter Bates in 1868. There are about 13 described species in Lasaia, found in North, Central, and South America.
Nemeobiinae is a subfamily of Riodinidae, the Metalmark family. The subfamily's members consist entirely of Old World members of the Riodinid family. Recent revisions to the subfamily have began to include members located within the New World as well, however, the subfamily continues to encompass the entirety of the Old World Riodinids.
Styx is a monotypic genus of butterflies in the metalmark family Riodinidae. It consists of one species, Styx infernalis, described by Otto Staudinger in 1875. It is endemic to Peru, where it inhabits tropical montane cloud forests between the elevations of 1000-1600 meters.
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