The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT,is an international treaty intended to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology,to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy,and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament. Between 1965 and 1968,the treaty was negotiated by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament,a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva,Switzerland. A central premise of the NPT is that NPT non-nuclear-weapon states agree not to acquire nuclear weapons and the NPT nuclear-weapon states in exchange agree to share the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology.
Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons,fissionable material,and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT. Proliferation has been opposed by many nations with and without nuclear weapons,as governments fear that more countries with nuclear weapons will increase the possibility of nuclear warfare,de-stabilize international or regional relations,or infringe upon the national sovereignty of nation states.
The Agreed Framework between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (북미제네바기본합의서) was signed on 21 October 1994,between North Korea (DPRK) and the United States. The objective of the agreement was the freezing and replacement of North Korea's indigenous nuclear power plant program with more nuclear proliferation resistant light water reactor power plants,and the step-by-step normalization of relations between the U.S. and the DPRK. Implementation of the agreement was troubled from the start,but its key elements were being implemented until it effectively broke down in 2003.
William C. Potter is Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar Professor of Nonproliferation Studies and Founding Director of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey (MIIS). He also directs the MIIS Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies.
Jon Wolfsthal is an American security analyst currently serving as director of global risk at the Federation of American Scientists.
Robert G. Joseph is a senior scholar at the National Institute for Public Policy. He was the United States Special Envoy for Nuclear Nonproliferation,with ambassadorial rank. Prior to this post,Joseph was the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security,a position he held until January 24,2007. Joseph is known for being instrumental in creating the Proliferation Security Initiative and as the architect of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism. He was also the US chief negotiator to Libya in 2003 who convinced the Libyans to give up their WMD programs. He also recently authored a book describing his experience in negotiating with Libya entitled "Countering WMD."
Hon. Carl W. Ford,Jr. is an American political scientist,consultant,defense administrator,and Asian specialist originally from Hot Springs,Arkansas. As Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research,he headed the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) in the State Department from 2001 until 2003. He reported directly to then Secretary of State Colin Powell.
The Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey (MIIS),formerly the Monterey Institute of International Studies,is a graduate institute of Middlebury College,a private college in Middlebury,Vermont. Established in 1955,the school provides instruction on a campus in Monterey,California. The institute offers master's programs and certificates in environmental policy,international policy,language teaching,and translation and interpretation. It is host to several related centers.
The Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation (ISN) is a bureau within the United States Department of State responsible for managing a broad range of nonproliferation and counterproliferation functions. The bureau leads U.S. efforts to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction,their delivery systems,advanced conventional weapons,and related materials,technologies,and expertise.
Henry D. Sokolski is the founder and executive director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center,a Washington,D.C.-based think tank promoting a better understanding of strategic weapons proliferation issues among policymakers,scholars,and the media. He teaches as an adjunct professor at The Institute of World Politics in Washington,D.C.,and at the University of Utah and has an appointment as senior fellow for nuclear security studies at the University of California at San Diego's School of Global Policy and Strategy.
Francis J. Gavin is an American historian currently serving as the Giovanni Agnelli Distinguished Professor and Director of the Henry A. Kissinger Center for Global Affairs at Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies in Washington,D.C. He is also the chairman of the Board of Editors for the Texas National Security Review.
Daniel Bruce Poneman is an American lawyer and businessman. He served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Centrus Energy,a publicly traded energy company,(LEU) from 2015 to 2023. Prior to joining Centrus Energy,he served as United States Deputy Secretary of Energy from 2009 to 2014. He is also a Distinguished Fellow at the Paulson Institute at the University of Chicago and a Senior Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School. Poneman was Acting Secretary of Energy in 2013 following the resignation of Steven Chu until Ernest Moniz was confirmed and sworn in.
William C. Martel was a scholar who specialized in studying the leadership and policymaking processes in organizations,strategic planning,cyberwarfare and militarisation of space,and technology innovation. He taught at the U.S. Air War College and U.S. Naval War College,and performed research for DARPA and the RAND Corporation. He later become Associate Professor of International Security Studies at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy,a position he held until his death in 2015.
Thomas Graham Jr. is a former senior U.S. diplomat. Graham was involved in the negotiation of every single international arms control and non-proliferation agreement from 1970 to 1997. This includes the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks,the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties,the Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) Treaty,Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) Treaty,Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (NPT),Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty and Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). In 1993,Ambassador Graham served as acting director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) from January to November,1993 and Acting Deputy Director from November,1993 to July,1994. From 1994 through 1997,he was president Bill Clinton's special representative for Arms Control,Non-Proliferation,and Disarmament. Graham successfully led the U.S. government efforts to achieve the permanent extension of the NPT in 1995. Graham also served for 15 years as the general counsel of ACDA. Throughout his career,Thomas Graham has worked with six U.S. Presidents including Presidents Richard Nixon,Gerald Ford,Jimmy Carter,Ronald Reagan,George H. W. Bush,and Bill Clinton. Ambassador Graham worked on the negotiation of the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological Weapons Convention and managed the Senate approval of the ratification of the Geneva Protocol banning the use of chemical and biological weapons in war,as well as the Biological Weapons Convention.
Bonnie Denise Jenkins currently serves as the under secretary of state for arms control and international security affairs. During the Obama administration,she was the U.S. Department of State's coordinator for threat reduction programs in the Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation.
Jeffrey Lewis is an American expert in nuclear nonproliferation and geopolitics,currently a professor at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey,and director of the CNS East Asia Nonproliferation Program. He has written two books on China's nuclear weapons,and numerous journal and magazine articles,blog posts,and podcasts on nonproliferation and related topics.
C.S. Eliot Kang is an American diplomat and member of the Senior Executive Service. He currently serves as the Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation (ISN) at the U.S. Department of State. From January to July 2021 and January 2017 to January 2018,Kang served as acting ISN Assistant Secretary and also exercised the authority of the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs. He also served as acting ISN Assistant Secretary from January to June 2009.
Matthew Kroenig is an American political scientist and national security strategist currently serving as vice president of the Atlantic Council and professor in the Department of Government and the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. Kroenig is known for his research on international security and nuclear weapons.
North Korea–Turkey relations are the foreign relations between North Korea and Turkey. The Turkish ambassador in Seoul is accredited to North Korea. North Korea's ambassador in Sofia,Bulgaria is accredited to Turkey.
Janne E. Nolan was an American academic,foreign policy advisor,and expert on nuclear arms control and nonproliferation. She held senior positions in the Department of State,as a staffer for the Senate,and served on multiple blue ribbon commissions. She was well known for supporting generations of women in the traditionally male dominated field of nuclear security.
