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Ancient road network
Remains of an old Roman roadA milestone from Domitian's reign, originally placed in 83, that was discovered south of Achziv on the Antioch–Acre road
The Roman roads in Judaea form an extensive network built in the Roman period in the Roman province of Judaea (later Syria Palaestina). Remains of some still exist.
The purpose of constructing these roads in ancient Rome was to establish an extensive network of thoroughfares, similar to those found throughout the Roman Empire.[1] These roads primarily served the movement of Roman military units and also facilitated public transportation, including mail delivery and travel for central government officials. Additionally, the roads played an economic role in transporting goods and people.[1]
There are modern roads in Israel that follow the routes of the ancient Roman roads. The most prominent example is the Ashkelon–Kiryat Gat–Hebron road (today Highway 35).
History
Some of the roads in the Judaea were paved following the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73), some during the time of Roman emperor Hadrian, and some during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius.[2] The prominent characteristic of these roads was their use of the most convenient route possible from one point to another: a route that avoided natural obstacles, remained passable throughout the year, and had a gentle slope – suitable for pedestrian travel, riding, and vehicle passage. Along the roads, milestones were erected to mark the distance and direction, and there were forts and watchtowers where soldiers guarded the roads.[2][3]
From the headquarters of the Legio VI Ferrata, which camped at Legio, a strategic location on the Caesarea–Beit She'an road in the southern foothills of the Jezreel Valley near the modern Megiddo junction, roads were constructed in the year 120 CE to the provincial capital Caesarea,[4] to Sepphoris,[5] and to Acre.[2]
The road that goes north from Jericho to Nablus – the road goes up north from Jericho in a straight line to ancient Phasaelis (near modern Petza'el) and from there it splits: one route goes up north through the valley of Wadi Ahmar, and goes up through the Alexandrium area to Nablus. The second route, goes up to the Samaria mountains through the southern ridge of Ma'ale Efrayim, passes through the villages of Jadal Bnei Fadal, Aqbara and up to Nablus (route 505 east). A description of a part of the road appears in the British survey: "The Roman road adjacent to 'Kh. Phasaelis' has been preserved in perfect condition, it includes three rows of stones, the average area of which is a square foot, forming the two extreme rows and the backbone of the road" – hence the width of the road was 18 feet – 7 meters[6]
Another road went from the city of Banias to Nablus through the Jordan Valley, where it split to another route that went up to Jerusalem via Jericho (Highway 90). some sections of the Beit She'an–Jericho road were well preserved, other parts were gone. Most travelers write it was a dangerous road with many bandits.[7] To the south and north of Beit She'an milestones belonging to this road were found: one of them is dedicated to Caracalla and others to Marcus Aurelius. On one milestone an inscription was found: "The 10th mile from Scythopolis" (Beit She'an).[3]
The road leading north from the Negev (in two sections, one from Kadesh and the other from Eilat through Akrabbim), through the ridge of Mount Amasa and the south of Mount Hebron along the back of the mountain and the drainage divide to the city of Hebron (a line of citadels was built along this road to protect the inhabitants of the mountain). Near Kibbutz Har Amasa.[4]
The road from Jericho to Antipatris, which passed through Aqraba.[8]
The southern road, from Jerusalem to Ashkelon through Beit Guvrin. On this road, many milestones have were found, as it continues to Gaza as well as connecting to the long road that reaches Beersheba and Mampsis.[9]
Jaffa-Jerusalem road
The historic Jaffa-Jerusalem road passed through Lod, and split next to it into two roads:[10]
Bethoron road – this road passed through Hadid and Modi'in, and continued along the biblical "ascent of Bethoron" between Lower and Upper Bethoron, next to today's Highway 443.[2][11] This road is mentioned on the Madaba Map, and even indicates a road station on the ninth mile from Jerusalem (TO ENNATON),[12] the remains of which are found on site Khirbat el-Lathain near Giv'at Ze'ev.[2] From this station the road turned south towards Jerusalem, and its remains were found in Bir Nabala and Beit Hanina.[13] This road is mentioned by Josephus and Chazal – "two camels that used to go up the steps of Bethoron and hit each other".[14] In excavations held in 2023 by archeology chief Haim Cohen, rare remains of the road were uncovered in a total length of 2 kilometers, near the Maccabim checkpoint[15]
Emmaus road – Israel's Highway 1 in its first section runs along the old Emmaus road, with slight deviations, to bypass topographical obstacles. Further on the road passes through the Sha'ar HaGai area, a section characterized by an ascent of about 300 meters over three kilometers, up to Horvat Masad, near Neve Ilan. In this section, construction works were carried out. In some cases the obstacles were overcome by creating roads along the mountain side and along ravines. After passing through Abu Ghosh (Kiryat Ye'arim), the road reached Motza, and ascended from there via the route known today as "Ma'ale Romaim" towards the area of Har HaMenuchot and the present-day Har Nof neighborhood.[16]
Archaeologist Israel Roll, who specialized in researching the issue, emphasizes the propaganda role. He demonstrates it this way: when a man traveled from Jerusalem to Beit Gubrin, he sees on his way: "mathematical precision of 29 groups of milestones, which repeat and remind him of the titles of the great Roman emperors in the past and present – brainwashing – the embodiment of force of Roman power".[17]
There are several modern roads that still follow the Roman routes: the most prominent of them is the Ashkelon – Kiryat Gat – Tarqumiyah- Hebron road, (Highway 35 Israel) that leads to Hebron on a winding route.[9]
As of 1982, more than 450 milestones had been identified in the Land of Israel and more than a quarter had inscriptions.[19] They were placed at a consistent distances of about 2000 paces (about 1.5km) from each other. The milestones were usually made of limestone and were 150 on 250 centimeters high.[5]
Their function was mainly to provide information about travel distances for road travelers. But also to exalt the ruler who paves the way, whose name was mentioned on them.[3][4]
Jewish views
The Babylonian TalmudTractate Shabbat records a debate among sages regarding the roads, bridges, and other public projects undertaken by the Romans and their impact on the Jewish population:
Rabbi Yehuda opened and said: How pleasant are the actions of this nation (i.e. the Romans) as they established marketplaces, bridges, and bathhouses.
Rabbi Yosei was silent.
Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai responded and said: Everything that they established, they established only for their own purposes. They established marketplaces to place prostitutes in them; bathhouses to pamper themselves; and bridges to collect taxes from all who pass over them.
—Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat, 33b
Popular culture
Roman roads were mentioned in a famous Monty Python comedy sketch in which one character suggests that the Romans have done nothing for the people of Judea and several Roman contributions were brought up by other characters.[20]
↑ Rogers, Guy MacLean (2021). For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE. New Haven: Yale University Press. p.170. ISBN978-0-300-24813-5. a narrow road only from Lower Beit-Horon (Beit Ur al-Tachta, "Lower House of Straw") to Upper Beit-Horon (Beit Ur al-Fawqa, "Upper House of Straw") about two miles away, following roughly the route of the modern Highway 443 in Israel
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