Romanian Danube Flotilla

Last updated
River Flotilla "Mihail Kogălniceanu"
Flotila Fluvială "Mihail Kogălniceanu"
Comandamentul Flotilei Fluviale "Mihail Kogalniceanu".jpg
Insignia of the Flotilla Command
Active22 October 1860–present
Country Romania
BranchFlag of the Romanian Naval Forces (Obverse).svg  Romanian Naval Forces
Garrison/HQ Brăila, Tulcea
Engagements Romanian War of Independence
Second Balkan War
World War I
Tatarbunary Uprising
World War II
Commanders
Current
commander		 Flotilla counter admiral Nicu Chirea [1]
Notable
commanders		Vice-Admiral Constantin Bălescu  [ ro ]

The Romanian Danube Flotilla is the oldest extant naval force on the Danube, dating since 1860, when the Romanian Navy was founded. It saw service during most of the wars involving Romania, and was the most powerful river naval force in the world during the Interwar period.

Contents

Beginning

The Romanian Danube Flotilla was formed on 22 October 1860 by order of Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza after merging the naval components of Wallachia and Moldavia. [2] During the 1877-1878 Romanian War of Independence, the Flotilla consisted of two armed steamers (one paddle steamer and one yacht), one purpose-built gunboat armed with one gun ( Fulgerul ) and one spar torpedo boat ( Rândunica ). [3] The Flotilla's main success of the war was the sinking of the Ottoman monitor Seyfi by the torpedo boat Rândunica. [4]

With the expansion of the Romanian Navy, King Carol I promulgated the decree for the organization of the flotilla in 1896. According to this decree, the navy was organized in the Sea Division (Divizia de Mare), and the Danube Division (Divizia de Dunăre). The crew depot and the Navy Arsenal were also established. The first organization act of the Danube Division was issued on 1 April 1896. [2]

Pre-World War I expansion

The Romanian Danube Flotilla in the early 1910s
Number of units
River monitors 4
Torpedo boats 15
Gunboats 10
Minelayers 1

1882

NMS Soimul Romanian spar torpedo boat Soimul.jpg
NMS Șoimul

The first expansion of the Romanian Danube Flotilla took place in 1882. Two armored torpedo boats, Șoimul and Vulturul, were purchased from Yarrow in Britain, where Rândunica was also built seven years prior. These boats had a displacement of 12 tons, measuring 19 meters in length, with a beam of 2.5 meters and a draught of 1 meter. Power plant consisted of one 150 hp steam engine generating a top speed of 16.5 knots. Each boat had a crew of 8 and was armed with a single spar torpedo. Aside from increased dimensions and greater speed, the two boats were also fitted with bulletproof armour. [5] [6] These two boats were followed by three Rahova-class gunboats, also built in Britain at Thames Iron Works. With a displacement of 45 tons and a top speed of 8.5 knots, these small gunboats were each armed with one 37 mm gun and one machine gun. Also commissioned in 1882 was the 104-ton guard ship Alexandru cel Bun. [7] The latter was used as a minelayer during the First World War. She measured 23 meters in length, with a beam of 4.6 meters and a draught of 1.5 meters. She was powered by 100 hp steam machinery, giving her a top speed of 9 knots, and could carry 12 tons of coal. Her crew amounted to 20 and her armament consisted of two 37 mm guns and two machine guns. [8]

1888

Bistrita-class gunboat Bistrita-class gunboat (Romania).jpg
Bistrița-class gunboat

The second expansion of the Flotilla took place in 1888, when three 116-ton Bistrița-class gunboats were commissioned. These vessels measured 30.5 meters in length, with a beam of 4.1 meters and a draught of 1.7 meters. They were also built by Thames Iron Works and each was armed with one 57 mm gun and one 37 mm gun. Crewed by 30 men each, they had a top speed of 13 knots generated by 380 hp steam propulsion, carrying a maximum of 12 tons of coal. [9]

1893-1894

Two consecutive expansions followed in the 1890s. In 1893, three 95-ton guard ships of unknown origin were commissioned. Each was armed with one 57 mm gun and two 37 mm guns, having a top speed of 13.5 knots. [10] A further expansion followed in 1894, when four German-made torpedo boats were commissioned. Known as the Vedea -class, they were built at Schichau-Werke, having a displacement of 30 tons, measuring 20 meters in length, with a beam of 3 meters and a draught of 1.5 meters. Each boat had a crew of 16 and a top speed of 10 knots. Armament consisted of one 37 mm Hotchkiss revolving gun, one machine gun and two spar torpedoes. [11] [12]

1906-1908

One of the 8 fifty-ton torpedo boats Romanian CNLB-class river boat.jpg
One of the 8 fifty-ton torpedo boats

This was by far the greatest pre-war expansion of the Romanian Danube Flotilla. Between 1906 and 1907, a class of 8 British-built torpedo gunboats was commissioned. These 50-ton vessels, built by Thames Iron Works, were well-armed for their size: in addition to one 47 mm naval gun and one 6.5 mm machine gun, each boat also carried 4 torpedoes: two on spars in front of the vessel and two more amidships in torpedo dropping gear (carriages). They measured 30 meters in length, with a beam of 4 meters and a draught of less than 1 meter. These boats were also armored, having bulletproof sides and deck. They were powered by two compound engines powering two shafts, resulting in an output of 550 hp and a top speed of 18 knots. They could carry up to 7.6 tons of oil and had a crew of up to 20. [13] Between 1907 and 1908, four large river monitors were commissioned (Brătianu class). They were built in sections at STT in Austria-Hungary. Their sections were then transported to the Galați shipyard in Romania, where they were assembled and launched. Standard displacement amounted to 680 tons, increasing to 750 tons at full load. Each monitor measured 63.5 meters in length, with a beam of 10.3 meters and a draught of 1.6 meters. Power plant consisted of two engines and two Yarrow boilers powering two shafts, generating a total of 1,800 hp which resulted in a top speed of 13 knots. The monitors had a crew of 110 and a range of 1,500 nautical miles at a speed of 9.7 knots. Armor thickness reached 70–75 mm on the belt, deck, turrets and conning tower. Armament during World War I consisted of three 120 mm Škoda naval guns in independent armored turrets, one 120 mm Škoda naval howitzer, four 47 mm Škoda naval guns and two 6.5 mm Romanian-made Maxim machine guns. [14] [15]

The first campaign of the Brătianu monitors was the Second Balkan War in 1913. During the war, the ships protected the Cernavodă Bridge and aided in the crossing of the Danube. The monitors also ensured the protection of the pontoon bridges and the transport ships during the campaign. [16]

World War I

Romanian river monitor in 1917 Romanian Bratianu-class monitor in 1917.jpg
Romanian river monitor in 1917
SMS Inn River monitor Inn.png
SMS Inn
Russud-class landing craft Russud-class.jpg
Russud-class landing craft

During the First World War, the Romanian Danube Flotilla was deployed in coordinated operations with the Romanian Army, which prevented the Central Powers from advancing into the Danube Delta. The Flotilla made a significant contribution to the Battle of Turtucaia and later carried out the safe evacuation of the Romanian 9th division from the besieged city. During the summer and fall of 1917, in conjunction with the artillery of the ground troops, the Flotilla held the line against renewed German offensive in Moldavia. [17] Throughout the 1917 operations, the artillery of the four monitors bombarded enemy naval positions scoring notable successes, under the skillful command of the Romanian Vice-Admiral Constantin Bălescu. [18]

One of the more notable naval engagements fought on the Danube took place during the night of 27 August 1916, just after Romania joined the war. A group of three Romanian torpedo boats, led by Rândunica, attacked the Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla stationed in the Bulgarian port of Ruse, which consisted of five monitors and four armed river boats. The objective was to sink one of the monitors, but the attack failed in its immediate purpose, as only one barge loaded with fuel was sunk (by Rândunica, commanded by Captain Niculescu Rizea) and a quay was damaged by another torpedo. Due to this attack, however, the Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla (Commander Karl Lucich) retreated 130 km (81 miles) west along the Danube, stopping at Belene and subsequently taking extensive defensive measures. The three crewmen of Rândunica were received as heroes in Bucharest, and the retreated Austro-Hungarian warships were prevented from interfering in the subsequent battle of Turtucaia. [19] [20] [21] [22]

One of the eight 50-ton Romanian torpedo boats was sunk by a mine at the end of 1916. [23] On 22 September 1917, Romania achieved its greatest naval success of the war, when the Austro-Hungarian river monitor SMS Inn struck a Romanian mine and sank near Brăila. She was later salvaged, but was still undergoing repairs when the war ended. [24] [25] [26] [27]

In February 1918, after the start of the Russian Civil War, Romanian forces in the Danube estuary captured one Bolshevik Russud-class landing craft. [28]

Tonnage lostTonnage gainedEnemy tonnage loss inflicted
50 tons (1 torpedo boat)250 tons (1 landing craft)~1,000 tons (1 river monitor, 1 landing craft, 1 barge)

Interwar and World War II

The Romanian monitor Mihail Kogalniceanu in 1941 Mihail Kogalniceanu monitor.jpg
The Romanian monitor Mihail Kogălniceanu in 1941

At the start of the 1920s, the Flotilla consisted of the four fore-mentioned monitors, plus three more received as war reparations from the former Austro-Hungarian Navy: Basarabia, Bucovina and Ardeal. [29] As of 1941, these three monitors displaced between 450 and 550 tons and each was armed with two 120 mm guns. [30] Six M-class patrol boats were also acquired from Italy. [31] The seven remaining 50-ton torpedo boats were still in use, although three were relegated to border patrol by the end of the Interwar, their armament reduced to one machine gun. [32] The three Oltul-class gunboats were still in service, and would remain so throughout the Second World War. [33] These additions made the Romanian Danube Flotilla the most powerful river fleet in the world until World War II. [34] The minelayer Alexandru cel Bun was only scrapped in the 1930s. [35] Under the command of Rear Admiral Gavrilescu Anastasie, the Flotilla made an important contribution to the suppression of the 1924 Tatarbunary Uprising. [36]

During the first month of Operation Barbarossa, the Flotilla fought several engagements against its Soviet counterpart, damaging two Soviet monitors and two patrol boats and sinking another patrol boat. [37] [38] The Romanian monitor Mihail Kogălniceanu also shot down one Soviet aircraft on 29 June 1941. [39] Wartime additions to the Flotilla amounted to two small Czechoslovak-built minelayers (transferred from the Kriegsmarine ). [40] After the 23 August 1944 coup, the river monitors of the Flotilla prevented German troops from crossing the Danube from Bulgaria and also captured German ships along the river between 24 August and 31 August. Ardeal and Lahovary  [ ro ] captured 26 ships, while Basarabia and Bucovina captured 82 ships and a medical convoy. [41] [42]

Romanian monitors of the Danube Flotilla and Ukrainian ships during the Riverine 2018 exercise Ukrayins'ko-rumuns'ke navchannia "Riverine - 2018" (29841690287).jpg
Romanian monitors of the Danube Flotilla and Ukrainian ships during the Riverine 2018 exercise

The Flotilla today

Today, the flotilla is divided between the 67th Artillery Carrying Ships Divizion "Commander Virgil Alexandru Dragalina" and the 88th River Patrol Boat Divizion "Amiral Gheorghe Sandu" with the Flotilla Command being headquartered at Brăila. The 67th Divizion is divided in two section: Section I – Monitors and Section II – Patrol Boats, both headquartered at Brăila. The 88th Division is divided in two sections, one located at Brăila, the other at Tulcea. The 307th Marine Infantry Regiment "Heracleea" is also subordinated to the flotilla. [43]

The Flotilla comprises three Mihail Kogălniceanu-class river monitors and five Smârdan-class armored patrol ships (Vedete Blindate Fluviale). [44] [45] Other ships include 12 VD 141 patrol boats (Vedete Dragoare - minesweeper patrol boats) [46] and two ESM12 fast intervention motorboats.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">River monitor</span> Military warship designed to patrol rivers

River monitors are military craft designed to patrol rivers. They are normally the largest of all riverine warships in river flotillas, and mount the heaviest weapons. The name originated from the US Navy's USS Monitor, which made her first appearance in the American Civil War, and being distinguished by the use of revolving gun turrets, which were particularly useful in rivers, whose narrow channels could severely limit the directions vessels could face.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romanian Naval Forces</span> Military unit

The Romanian Naval Forces is the principal naval branch of the Romanian Armed Forces and operates in the Black Sea and on the Danube. It traces its history back to 1860.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romanian War of Independence</span> Conflict fought during the 1877-78 Russo-Turkish war

The Romanian War of Independence is the name used in Romanian historiography to refer to the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78), following which Romania, fighting on the Russian side, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. On April 16 [O.S. April 4] 1877, Romania and the Russian Empire signed a treaty at Bucharest under which Russian troops were allowed to pass through Romanian territory, with the condition that Russia respected the integrity of Romania. Consequently, the mobilization of the Romanian troops also began, and about 120,000 soldiers were massed in the south of the country to defend against an eventual attack of the Ottoman forces from south of the Danube. On April 24 [O.S. April 12] 1877, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire and its troops entered Romania through the newly built Eiffel Bridge, on their way to the Ottoman Empire. Due to great losses, the Russian Empire asked Romania to intervene. On July 24 [O.S. July 12] 1877, the first Romanian Army units crossed the Danube and joined forces with the Russian Army.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Torpedo gunboat</span>

In late 19th-century naval terminology, torpedo gunboats were a form of gunboat armed with torpedoes and designed for hunting and destroying smaller torpedo boats. By the end of the 1890s torpedo gunboats were superseded by their more successful contemporaries, the torpedo boat destroyers.

The Royal Romanian Navy during World War I (1914–1918) was divided into two fleets and fought against the forces of the Central Powers. When Romania entered the war in August 1916, the Romanian Navy was officially divided as follows :

NMS <i>Elisabeta</i>

NMS Elisabeta was a small protected cruiser built for the Romanian Navy during the 1880s by Armstrong in Britain as Romania lacked the ability to build the ship itself. Serving mainly as a training ship, she represented Romania at the opening of the Kiel Canal in 1895. She helped protect Romanian interests in Constantinople during the First Balkan War in 1912–1913, but played no significant part in the Second Balkan War and was partially disarmed during World War I. Employed as a barracks ship after the war, the ship was scrapped in 1926.

NMS <i>Amiral Murgescu</i> WW2 Romanian Navy minelayer & convoy escort

NMS Amiral Murgescu was a minelayer and convoy escort of the Romanian Navy, the first sea-going warship built in Romania and the largest Romanian-built warship of World War II. She laid numerous minefields, from the Bulgarian port of Burgas to the Crimean port of Sevastopol, which inflicted significant losses to the Soviet Black Sea Fleet. She also carried out numerous convoy escort missions and took part in the Axis evacuation of the Crimea in May 1944. Due to her success in combat, she was decorated twice by May 1944. She was captured by the Soviet Union in September 1944 and served until 1988, when she was scrapped.

NMS <i>Grivița</i>

NMS Grivița was a gunboat of the Romanian Navy, built in 1880. It was the first warship acquired by the Kingdom of Romania after gaining independence in 1878 and the first military ship of the Romanian Black Sea Fleet. Throughout her career, she saw service on both the Black Sea and the Danube during the Second Balkan War and the First World War.

The Romanian Navy during World War II was the main Axis naval force in the Black Sea campaigns and fought against the Soviet Union's Black Sea Fleet from 1941 to 1944. Operations consisted mainly of mine warfare, but there were also escort missions and localized naval engagements. The largest naval action fought by the Romanian Navy was the 26 June 1941 Raid on Constanța, and its most extensive operation was the 1944 evacuation of the Crimea.

NMS <i>Smeul</i> (1888)

NMS Smeul was a torpedo boat of the Romanian Navy. She was part of a class of three, built in France for the Romanian Navy in 1888. She and her two sister ships saw service during World War I.

NMS <i>Mihail Kogălniceanu</i> Romanian river monitor

NMS Mihail Kogălniceanu was a Brătianu-class river monitor of the Romanian Navy. She saw service in both world wars, being the most successful vessel in her class of four ships. Like her three sisters, she was initially built as a river monitor, but in early 1918, she was converted to a sea-going monitor. During the Second Balkan War, she supported the Romanian crossing of the Danube into Bulgaria. During World War I, she carried out numerous bombardments against the Central Powers forces advancing along the shore of the Danube and carried out the last action of the Romanian Navy before the 11 November 1918 armistice. She later fought successfully against Bolshevik naval forces during the early months of the Russian Civil War, helping secure the Budjak region.

NMS <i>Trotușul</i>

NMS Trotușul was a small torpedo boat of the Romanian Navy. Along with her three sister ships, she saw service during World War I and World War II, being the most successful vessel in her class.

NMS <i>Rândunica</i>

NMS Rândunica was the first torpedo boat of the Romanian Navy. A small British-built spar torpedo boat, she was commissioned in 1875 and fought during the Romanian War of Independence and during World War I.

During the Second World War, the Royal Romanian Navy operated a total of 9 submarines: three fleet submarines and six midget submarines. These vessels fought on the Axis side during the war. Only two of them survived the war and continued to serve in the Romanian Navy until the 1960s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Action of 26 June 1941</span>

The action of 26 June 1941 consisted in an engagement between the navies of the Soviet Union and the Kingdom of Romania, taking place on the Chilia branch of the Danube Delta, near the commune of Ceatalchioi. The action resulted in a Romanian victory and the withdrawal of the Soviet vessels, one of them being damaged and later captured.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Action off Măcin</span>

The action off Măcin was a naval engagement between a torpedo boat of the Romanian Navy with a mixed Romanian-Russian crew, together with another 3 Russian torpedo boats, and a monitor of the Ottoman Navy which took place during the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War. It was the first time in history that a torpedo craft sank its target without being sunk itself.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Raid on Ruse</span>

The Raid on Ruse was the first naval action to take place on the Romanian front during World War I. It took place on the first day of the campaign, 27 August 1916, just as Romanian troops were crossing the border into Transylvania, then part of Austria-Hungary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romanian Black Sea Fleet during World War I</span>

During World War I, the Black Sea Fleet of the Romanian Navy fought against the Central Powers forces of the German Empire, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. The Romanian warships succeeded in defending the coast of the Danube Delta, corresponding to an area around the port of Sulina, while also aiding in the Delta's defense from inland Central Powers forces.

References

  1. ↑ "Comandantul Flotilei Fluviale "Mihail Kogălniceanu"". navy.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  2. 1 2 "Scurt istoric al Comandamentului Flotilei Fluviale". navy.ro (in Romanian).
  3. ↑ Constantin Olteanu, The Romanian armed power concept: a historical approach, Military Pub. House, 1982, p. 152
  4. ↑ Cristian Crăciunoiu, Romanian navy torpedo boats, Modelism, 2003, pp. 13-19
  5. ↑ Cristian Crăciunoiu, Romanian navy torpedo boats, Modelism, 2003, p. 19
  6. ↑ Brassey's Annual: The Armed Forces Year-book, Praeger Publishers, 1902, p. 285
  7. ↑ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921, Naval Institute Press, 1985, pp. 421-422
  8. ↑ John Evelyn Moore, Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I, Military Press, 1990, p. 295
  9. ↑ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921, Naval Institute Press, 1985, pp. 421-422
  10. ↑ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921, Naval Institute Press, 1985, p. 422
  11. ↑ Marie Maurice Clément Raoul Testu de Balincourt, P. Vincent-Bréchignac, Henri Le Masson, Jean Labayle Couhat, M. Bernard Prézelin, Les Flottes de combat 1940-1942, Challamel Publishing, 1942, p. 644
  12. ↑ Raymond Stănescu, Cristian Crăciunoiu, Marina română în primul război mondial, Modelism Publishing, 2000, p. 31
  13. ↑ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921, Naval Institute Press, 1985, p. 422
  14. ↑ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921, Naval Institute Press, 1985, p. 422
  15. ↑ Marian Sârbu, Marina românâ în primul război mondial 1914-1918, Editura Academiei Navale Mircea cel Bătrân, 2002, p. 144
  16. ↑ Ganciu, Cristian (4 May 2018). "Monitoarele clasa BRATIANU". rumaniamilitary.ro (in Romanian).
  17. ↑ Spencer Tucker, World War I: Encyclopedia, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 999
  18. ↑ Charles W. Finkl, Christopher Makowski, Diversity in Coastal Marine Sciences: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Research of Geology, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Remote Sensing, Springer, 2017, p. 555
  19. ↑ Cristian Crăciunoiu, Romanian navy torpedo boats, Modelism, 2003, p. 52
  20. ↑ Michael B. Barrett, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania, p. 6
  21. ↑ Rumanian Review, Volume 51, Issues 1-9, Europolis Pub., 1996, p. 138
  22. ↑ Raymond Stănescu, Cristian Crăciunoiu, Marina română în primul război mondial, pp. 73-76 (in Romanian)
  23. ↑ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921, Naval Institute Press, 1985, p. 422
  24. ↑ Angus Konstam, Gunboats of World War I, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015, p. 29
  25. ↑ René Greger, Austro-Hungarian warships of World War I, Allan, 1976, p. 142
  26. ↑ Mark Axworthy, Cornel I. Scafeș, Cristian Crăciunoiu, Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941-1945, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, p. 327
  27. ↑ Raymond Stănescu, Cristian Crăciunoiu, Marina română în primul război mondial, Modelism Publishing, 2000, p. 215 (in Romanian)
  28. ↑ Siegfried Breyer, Soviet Warship Development: 1917-1937, Conway Maritime Press, 1992, p. 98
  29. ↑ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946, Naval Institute Press, 1980, pp. 359 and 361
  30. ↑ Antony Preston, Warship 2001-2002, Conway Maritime Press, 2001, p. 72
  31. ↑ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946, Naval Institute Press, 1980, p. 361
  32. ↑ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921, Naval Institute Press, 1985, p. 422
  33. ↑ Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin, Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940-1945, Ion Cristoiu Publishing, 2000, p. 259
  34. ↑ Mark Axworthy, Cornel I. Scafeș, Cristian Crăciunoiu, Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941-1945, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, p. 327
  35. ↑ The Shipbuilder and Marine Engine-builder, Volume 46, Shipbuilder Press, 1939, p. 449
  36. ↑ Ludmila Rotari, Miscarea Subversiva in Basarabia 1918-1924, Editura Enciclopedica, 2004, p. 245
  37. ↑ Jonathan Trigg, Death on the Don: The Destruction of Germany's Allies on the Eastern Front, History Press Limited, 2017 Chapter 3
  38. ↑ Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin, Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940-1945, Ion Cristoiu Publishing, 2000, p. 58
  39. ↑ Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin, Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940-1945, Ion Cristoiu Publishing, 2000, p. 58
  40. ↑ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946, Naval Institute Press, 1980, p. 355
  41. ↑ Ganciu, Cristian (10 May 2018). "Monitorul ARDEAL". rumaniamilitary.ro (in Romanian).
  42. ↑ Ganciu, Cristian (25 May 2018). "Monitorul BASARABIA". rumaniamilitary.ro (in Romanian).
  43. ↑ "Forțele Navale Române - organizare". navy.ro (in Romanian).
  44. ↑ "Secția I a Divizionului 67 N.P.A. - Monitoare". navy.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  45. ↑ "Secția II a Divizionului 67 N.P.A. - Vedete blindate". navy.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  46. ↑ Cristian Gregoretti (24 March 2020). "Vedeta Dragoare 150". marinarii.ro (in Romanian).
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.