Ron Porambo

Last updated
Ron Porambo
Ronald Porambo.jpg
Inmate photo of Ron Porambo shortly before his death.
Born(1938-11-24)November 24, 1938
DiedOctober 22, 2006(2006-10-22) (aged 67)
OccupationJournalist
Alma mater Rutgers University
Period Long, hot summer of 1967
Genre New Journalism
Notable worksNo Cause For Indictment: An Autopsy of Newark (1971)

Ronald Porambo was a journalist most well known for thoroughly covering the 1967 Newark riots. [1] He authored the book No Cause For Indictment: An Autopsy of Newark, which exposed the role of police in the violence that occurred during the riots, which left 26 people dead. Porambo became passionate about revealing the depths of institutional racism and corruption of state and local governments of New Jersey.

Contents

Early life

Ronald Porambo was born in East Orange, NJ, on Thanksgiving Day in 1938, to Millie and Frank Porambo. [2] The Porambos owned Franchett's, a wholesale bakery, and Frank had invented and patented a cruller twister. [1] [2] Due to the family business, the Porambos were quite wealthy. [2] [3]

Porambo's parents encouraged him to join a youth-boxing program in nearby Newark, which was run by Jack Reno, a police officer and local sports legend. Most of the young men in the gym came from Newark's poor black neighborhoods. [2] After only a year in training, Porambo won the 1955 New Jersey Golden Gloves. [1] [2] Porambo became a professional boxer, landing a few big fights in his early twenties. [2] He appeared in preliminary bouts at Madison Square Garden a couple of times in the late 1950s. [1]

He moved away from boxing and joined the military, but that career was cut short when he strayed from his post at Fort Slocum, NY, for a midnight rendezvous with a woman he'd just met. [2]

Porambo decided to attend Rutgers University's journalism program, later saying that it was “the only course I could conceivably pass.” [2] It took him seven years to complete the degree. [1]

He began working at small newspapers, holding jobs in Lorain, OH, and in Albany, NY. [1] In Kingsport, TN, he worked for the Times-News , and one of his features won a state journalism prize. He was eager to cover topics other reporters avoided: Kingsport's black neighborhoods, drug abuse, and the city's homeless population. [2]

Personal life and family

When he was 27, Porambo met 19-year-old Carol Scott, a black woman with a seven-month-old daughter named Glenna. Interracial marriage was illegal in Tennessee, but that did not deter the two from dating. Six months after meeting Carol, Porambo proposed. Porambo's parents opposed the marriage, and the couple moved to Albany, where they could get legally married. Porambo also adopted Glenna as his own daughter. [2] The marriage was unusual enough that The New York Times included it in the headline of a 1972 profile of Porambo. [4] The couple lived in many places as Porambo moved from job to job, but in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when Porambo held jobs at the Newark Star-Ledger and the Elizabeth Daily Journal, they lived in Newark. [1] Porambo and Carol had two more children together, and they lived in a house in the Weequahic neighborhood of Newark, a middle-class, mostly black area. [2]

In later life, Porambo became bitter due to his disillusionment with journalism and the impact of his works, leading him to become physically and emotionally abusive. When Porambo was arrested for a botched armed robbery in Toronto, his family moved back to Newark while he served his sentence. [2]

Journalism career

Porambo was a follower of the "New Journalism" style of reporting. [3] [5] In Albany, Porambo found work at the Knickerbocker News. Porambo strove to emulate New York City journalist Jimmy Breslin, for providing unflinching coverage of the lives of blue-collar workers, marginalized minorities, and crime lords. Porambo's independent nature led to many clashes with the newspaper's editor, and within a matter of months, he was fired. [2]

Over the next year and a half, Porambo joined and left several newspapers, including the Morning-Journal in Lorain, OH; the Suffolk Sun in Deer Park, NY; and the Toronto Telegram. He eventually returned to New Jersey, to work at the Camden's Courier-Post. Porambo's reporting primarily covered the black slums of nearby Philadelphia and poverty. [2]

Long, hot summer of 1967

In 1967, racial tensions across the United States boiled over into what came to be known as the long, hot summer of 1967. Black residents took to the streets to protest police brutality, segregation, housing discrimination, and other injustices. White flight to the suburbs during the 1950s had led to the inner city populace of Newark being mostly black and impoverished. Newark retained its white-majority leadership, however, which created a situation rife with exploitation and corruption. [2]

On July 12, 1967, a black middle-aged man named John Smith flashed the high beams of his cab and drove around a police cruiser that was blocking his lane, after which the police promptly pulled him over and arrested him. Smith was beaten severely, and residents of the Hayes Homes project across the street from the station saw it happen. This sparked angry looting throughout the night, and police director Dominick Spina advised his officers to allow the events to unfold without interference. This was a mistake, however, and the violence stretched on for days. When mayor Hugh Addonizio called in state troopers and the National Guard, he said in dismay to an arriving officer, “It’s all gone, the whole town is gone.” [2]

After 5 days of riots, 13,319 rounds of ammunition were fired in what authorities described as a peacekeeping effort. The violence had led to the death a cop, a fireman, and 21 civilians, all shot by police or guardsmen. The authorities denied that the riots were caused by poverty, racism, and state-sanctioned violence, instead claiming the unrest was due to communist agitators, paid protestors, and criminal thugs. Porambo rejected these whitewashed version of the events. [2]

Six months after the riots, Porambo joined the Daily Journal in the town of Elizabeth. There, he focused his works on profiles of black residents and first-hand accounts of the unrest. Porambo covered a meeting of the Newark Human Rights Commission, a community group that advocated for police reform. He listened as many witnesses detailed the injustices perpetuated by the governor, the mayor, cops, and public prosecutors, and Porambo resolved to expose it to the greater public. [2]

Porambo began frequenting bars and pool halls, telling regulars that he wanted to tell the real story about what happened in July 1967. He began collecting accounts, which often contradicted the stories told by authorities, that he published in a series in the Daily Journal. [2]

No Cause For Indictment: An Autopsy of Newark

The New York publishing house Holt, Rinehart, and Winston heard of Porambo's series on the riots and offered him a $7,500 advance to expand his investigation into a book. Porambo eagerly jumped on the opportunity. [2] His 15-part series in the Daily Journal became the basis for the book, which was published in 1971. [6]

The book was divided up into 6 sections, each dedicated to major events precipitating the start of the riots. Porambo told the stories of the 26 people killed, using first-hand accounts that often contradicted official news reports released by law enforcement or the local media. [6] Porambo described how the killings were brought before grand juries after the riots, only for the court to rule, "Due to insufficient evidence of any criminal misconduct, the jury found no cause for indictment.” [2]

When the book was published, Porambo became a household name in Newark. By January, publisher Holt, Rinehart and Winston had nearly sold out of the 7,500 copies of the first edition, and the book received positive reviews from The Village Voice and The New York Review of Books. [6] A review in The New Yorker called it "probably the most moving and instructive book yet written on any of the bloody civil disturbances of the sixties." [1] [2] [3] [4] The book drew anger from the police department and the Italian-American community of Newark's North Ward, and it revealed the deeply embedded racism and graft present in both. [6] However, no one demanded retractions or sued. [2]

Shortly after the book was published, on December 7, seven shots were fired at Porambo from a dark sedan. On January 13, an unknown white assailant shot Porambo twice in the thigh as Porambo got into his car outside of Tony's Tavern on South Ninth Street. Newark Police Captain Rocco Paradiso was quick to write off both incidents as a publicity stunt by Porambo's publisher. [3] [6] After the shooting, the publisher took the opportunity to purchase an advertisement in The New York Times that proclaimed "THEY TRIED TO MURDER THE AUTHOR." [2] [5]

Porambo was later quoted saying, “The book was written for the sole purpose of getting a job, not to make money,” in the February 4, 1972, issue of The New York Times. [6]

Television career

The book helped him land a job as correspondent for 51st State, a nightly public television program that aired in the New York City area. [1] [2] However, after a botched story in which a source was revealed to be forging documents, Porambo was fired for putting the program's reputation in jeopardy with the segments that had already aired. [2]

Porambo got a job as a field producer for City-TV in Toronto, moving his family once again. Porambo's behavior became increasingly erratic, and he began taking small payoffs from freelance correspondents at the TV station in exchange for guarantees that their clips would be broadcast. When Porambo failed to hold up his end of the bargain, the freelancers alerted executives to the scheme, and Porambo was fired once again. [2]

Criminal career

Porambo's first arrest was due to his intent to provide autopsy pictures of people killed in the riots. He attempted to bribe a police officer for photos, and was subsequently arrested. He was sentenced to 3 months in prison in 1973 for bribery. [6] During the sentencing, the judge said, "You may have tried to root out corruption, but you stooped to corruption yourself." [1]

Shortly after publishing his book, Porambo turned to a life of crime as a stickup artist. In 1978, Porambo mugged a Toronto airport parking attendant with a toy gun. [5] A few days later, police tracked him down and arrested him, and Porambo was later found guilty of armed robbery. He remained in prison for 9 months before he was released and deported back to the United States. [2]

For the next few years, Porambo alternated between journalism jobs and crime, targeting drug dealers since they were likely to have cash and unlikely to go to the police. [1] [4] Porambo even employed his daughter Glenna to help him case potential marks. [2]

In June 1980, Porambo teamed up with 20-year-old Richard Norman to rob a couple using a toy gun. Porambo was sentenced to 7 years for robbery and assault and was sent to Leesburg State Prison, a medium-security lockup. Within 2 years, Porambo earned early release to a halfway house. [2] Porambo picked up parole work at the Atlantic City Press . [2] [5] In January 1982, Porambo missed his nightly sign-in at the halfway house and was returned to prison for attempted escape. He was released a few months later and resumed his life of crime. [2]

Davis murder

On April 10, 1983, Porambo worked with a team of criminals to rob a cocaine dealer Sidney Davis. As Davis was held at gunpoint in the living room, Larry Page, one of the accomplices, searched the apartment. Page came across Davis' girlfriend and raped her before bringing her to the rest of the team and demanded that Porambo shoot them both. Assuming this would be their last moments, Davis and his girlfriend attacked the assailants, and in the ensuing scuffle a shot was fired. The police found Davis bleeding from a chest gunshot wound, and he identified his shooter as a white man. Davis died within the hour, and police found a black wig, a blue fireman's hat, and a silver .32-caliber revolver with two spent cartridges at the scene. [2] [7]

Porambo disappeared for a few weeks, staying in southern New Jersey. He lived in fear that Davis' associates would come looking for him. However, Porambo soon returned to robbery. One month after the murder, Porambo robbed a major drug dealer named David Williams in a bold home invasion. Porambo turned over some of Williams' stolen jewelry to a dealer, who, realizing Williams would make a powerful enemy, contacted Williams to tell him how the robbery occurred. [2]

Assassination attempt

On May 19, 1983, as Porambo waited in his car to meet a friend, a man approached his vehicle and shot him in the head with a .38-caliber handgun. Three bullets penetrated Porambo's skull, while another hit his left leg. Porambo fell forward onto the car horn, possibly startling the assailant away. A rag was later found stuffed in the car's gas tank, indicating an additional plan to set the car on fire with Porambo still inside. A 16-year-old girl who had witnessed the incident ran to call the police, and by the time they had arrived, Porambo was unconscious. He was taken to a hospital where doctors performed surgery to save his life. They were unable to remove one of the bullets from his brain, leaving Porambo with permanent speech and motor deficiencies. Porambo couldn't remember the man who shot him, but he remained in police custody while in the hospital as he had become the prime suspect in the Davis murder investigation. [2]

Murder trial

Just before the attempt on his life, one of the four accomplices in the Davis murder was also shot dead. The remaining two had given statements to the police implicating Porambo in multiple crimes in order to protect themselves. Porambo remained a prolific writer while awaiting trial, writing so many letters to Richard Newman, the judge overseeing his case, that Newman recused himself after prosecutors voiced complaints that Porambo's extensive contact might influence the trial. [2]

The trial began in July 1984. The prosecution focused on two letters written by Porambo that implicated himself in the murder. The police responding to the attack on Porambo also found a bag containing wigs, fake badges, and two loaded pistols. Porambo's defense relied on demonstrating the weakness of the circumstantial evidence. The defense lawyer also claimed that the charges were an attempt to silence Porambo in retaliation for No Cause for Indictment. [2]

On October 2, 1984, a jury of 8 women and 4 men found Porambo guilty, and he was sentenced to 30 years to life. [2] He was convicted on charges of felony murder, conspiracy to commit robbery, two counts of armed robbery, burglary, and possession of a firearm for an unlawful purpose. The jury acquitted him of charges of aggravated sexual assault and purposeful or knowing murder. [7] Prosecutor Al Constants said he never recalled Porambo expressing remorse for robbing or murdering Davis, commenting, "He [Porambo] thought he was on some kind of high road." [3]

Imprisonment and death

The first few years passed uneventfully for Porambo, though his neurological damage caused him to deteriorate mentally. He kept in shape physically with exercise, and he had mostly benign experiences with his fellow inmates. Outside the prison, Porambo continued to alienate all friends and family. His sister-in-law, Nancy Porambo, mailed him food and books, but he became enraged if she didn't select the correct brand or author. When she sent him a typewriter he didn't like, Nancy claimed that Ron threatened to kill her and her children, and promptly cut off contact. [3]

Porambo took a substantial blow when he found out that his daughter Rhonda slipped into a coma during routine surgery related to rheumatoid arthritis in 1989. Porambo was allowed to visit Rhonda in the hospital, and he was escorted to Rhonda's room with shackles around his wrists and ankles. During the 15 minutes he was allotted for the visit, he wept over Ronda's unmoving form, holding her as tightly as he could. [2]

Fred Bruning, Porambo's longtime friend and one of only two guest invited to the Porambos' wedding (the other guest was Bruning's wife), was Porambo's sole friend in the outside world. The two had met when they worked together at the now-defunct Knickerbocker News. Bruning authored a chronicle of Porambo's life for Newsday Magazine in 1989. [3]

Porambo's mental health worsened, and he was moved to a prison unit for people with permanent health problems. When speaking in sentences became difficult, he took to scribbling on a notepad. Another inmate helped him do basic tasks like tie his shoes and type. [2]

Porambo died on October 22, 2006, by choking on an orange. [1] [4] He was 67 years old. [2] Porambo had been estranged from his family for so long that officials at New Jersey State Prison looking to notify next of kin were unable to find them. [3] Journalist Bill Taylor, who worked with Porambo at the Toronto Star, wrote Porambo's obituary, which appeared in the Star on November 8. [4]

A few months before his death, Porambo received a letter from an editor at Melville House, a small publisher, who had come across copy of Porambo's book. The editor was so impressed with the work that he wanted to return the book to print. With the assistance of another prisoner, Porambo returned a letter accepting the offer. The book was reissued in 2007 in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of the Newark riots. [2] [3] The publisher marketed the book to journalism schools as a foremost example of old-fashioned street reporting. [3]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">H. Rap Brown</span> American activist (born 1943)

Jamil Abdullah al-Amin, is an American human rights activist, Muslim cleric, black separatist, and convicted murderer who was the fifth chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in the 1960s. Best known as H. Rap Brown, he served as the Black Panther Party's minister of justice during a short-lived alliance between SNCC and the Black Panther Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilbert Rideau</span> American convicted killer and author

Wilbert Rideau is an American convicted killer and former death row inmate from Lake Charles, Louisiana, who became an author and award-winning journalist while held for 44 years at Angola Prison. Rideau was convicted in 1961 of first-degree murder of Julia Ferguson in the course of a bank robbery that year, and sentenced to death. He was held in solitary confinement on death row, pending execution. After the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that states had to rework their death penalty statutes because of constitutional concerns, the Louisiana Court judicially amended his sentence in 1972 to life in prison.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attack on Reginald Denny</span> Racially motivated attack during the 1992 L.A. riots

Reginald Oliver Denny is a former construction truck driver who was pulled from his truck and severely beaten during the 1992 Los Angeles riots. His attackers, a group of black men who came to be known as the "L.A. Four", targeted Denny because he was white. The attack was captured on video by a news helicopter and broadcast live on U.S. national television.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squizzy Taylor</span> Australian gangster

Joseph Theodore Leslie "Squizzy" Taylor was an Australian gangster from Melbourne. He appeared repeatedly and sometimes prominently in Melbourne news media because of suspicions, formal accusations and some convictions related to a 1919 gang war, to his absconding from bail and hiding from the police in 1921–22, and to his involvement in a robbery where a bank manager was murdered in 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Guerrilla Family</span> African-American prison and street gang

The Black Guerrilla Family is an African American black power prison gang, street gang, and political organization founded in 1966 by George Jackson, George "Big Jake" Lewis, and W.L. Nolen while they were incarcerated at San Quentin State Prison in Marin County, California.

The 1967 Newark riots were an episode of violent, armed conflict in the streets of Newark, New Jersey. Taking place over a four-day period, the Newark riots resulted in at least 26 deaths and hundreds more serious injuries. Serious property damage, including shattered storefronts and fires caused by arson, left much of the city's buildings damaged or destroyed. At the height of the conflict, the National Guard was called upon to occupy the city with tanks and other military equipment, leading to iconic media depictions that were considered particularly shocking when shared in the national press. In the aftermath of the riots, Newark was quite rapidly abandoned by many of its remaining middle-class and affluent residents, as well as much of its white working-class population. This accelerated flight led to a decades-long period of disinvestment and urban blight, including soaring crime rates and gang activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark Goudeau</span> American serial killer and rapist on death row

Mark Goudeau is an American serial killer, kidnapper, thief and rapist. Goudeau terrorized victims in the Phoenix metro area between August 2005 and June 2006; coincidentally, Goudeau was active at the same time as two other Phoenix serial killers, jointly known as the "Serial Shooter.”

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Larry Davis (born 1966)</span> American criminal from the Bronx, New York, United States

Larry Davis, later known as Adam Abdul-Hakeem, was a man from New York City who gained notoriety in November 1986 for his shootout in the South Bronx with officers of the New York City Police Department, in which six officers were shot. Davis, asserting self-defense, was acquitted of all charges aside from illegal gun possession. Davis was later convicted in April 1991 of a Bronx drug dealer's 1986 murder. In 2008, Davis died via stabbing by a fellow inmate.

William Dwane Bell is a New Zealand triple murderer. He committed a triple murder on 8 December 2001 at the Panmure RSA, after they fired him. He committed the murders while out on parole for a previous aggravated robbery in which he almost killed a service station attendant. He had more than 100 prior criminal convictions, including theft, fraud, unlawful taking of motor vehicles, aggravated robbery, presenting a firearm, impersonating police, and assault. He was given a 30-year minimum non-parole life sentence, at the time the longest minimum non-parole period ever given out by New Zealand.

The 1981 Brink's robbery was an armed robbery and three related murders committed on October 20, 1981, by several Black Liberation Army members and four former members of the Weather Underground, who were at the time associated with the May 19th Communist Organization. The plan called for the BLA members – including Kuwasi Balagoon, Mtayari Sundiata, Samuel Brown and Mutulu Shakur – to carry out the robbery, with the M19CO members – David Gilbert, Judith Alice Clark, Kathy Boudin, and Marilyn Buck – to serve as getaway drivers in switchcars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sanyika Shakur</span> American author (1963–2021)

Sanyika Shakur, also known by his former street moniker Monster or Monster Kody, was an American author and former gangster. He was a member of the Los Angeles-based Eight Tray Gangster Crips. He got his nickname as a 13-year-old gang member when he beat and stomped a robbery victim until he was disfigured. Shakur claimed to have reformed in prison, joined the Republic of New Afrika movement, and wrote a 1993 memoir called Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member.

Ed Davis was an American burglar, bank robber, and Depression-era outlaw. He was particularly active in Oklahoma, referred to by authorities as "The Fox", and frequently teamed with Jim Clark and Frank Sawyer during the early 1930s. Eventually captured in 1934, he was involved in a failed escape attempt from Folsom State Prison, resulting in the deaths of one guard and two inmates, and was executed at San Quentin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 Lakewood shooting</span> 2009 murder of four Lakewood police officers in Parkland, Washington, USA

On November 29, 2009, four police officers of Lakewood, Washington were fatally shot at the Forza Coffee shop, located at 11401 Steele Street #108 South in the Parkland unincorporated area of Pierce County, Washington, near Tacoma. A gunman, later identified as Maurice Clemmons, entered the shop, shot the officers while they worked on laptops, and fled the scene with a single gunshot wound in his torso. After a massive two-day manhunt that spanned several nearby cities, an officer recognized Clemmons near a stalled car in south Seattle. When he refused orders to stop, he was shot and killed by a Seattle Police Department officer.

Wilbur Underhill Jr., often called "Mad Dog" or the "Tri-State Terror", was an American criminal, burglar, bank robber and Depression-era outlaw. He was one of the most wanted bandits in Oklahoma during the 1920s and 1930s and co-led a gang with Harvey Bailey that included many fellow Cookson Hills outlaws including Jim Clark, Ed Davis and Robert "Big Bob" Brady.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linda Calvey</span> British author and murderer (born 1948)

Linda Calvey is an English author. Before becoming an author she was principally known for committing armed robberies and serving a life sentence for the murder of her lover Ronnie Cook. She was known as the "Black Widow" because all of her lovers ended up either dead or in prison. Her novels are The Black Widow (2019), The Locksmith (2021) and The Game (2022).

The Gardiner–Hall Gang was an informal group of bushrangers who roamed the central west of New South Wales, Australia in the 1860s. Named after leaders Frank Gardiner and Ben Hall, the gang was responsible for the largest gold robbery in Australia’s history at Eugowra Rocks. The gang had its origins in 1861; its demise came with the execution of John Dunn in 1866.

Johnnie Mae Chappell was an American murder victim during race riots in Jacksonville, Florida, killed by a gunshot from a passing car. After evidence and documents went missing her killer was charged with manslaughter - only serving three years in prison - and the other passengers were never charged. Detectives working the investigation claimed they lost their jobs due to their complaints regarding police racism and how the case was handled.

Gary James Lewingdon and Thaddeus Charles Lewingdon were American siblings and serial killers, who committed a series of ten murders in different Ohio counties from December 1977 to December 1978 for the motive of robbery. As a murder weapon, the criminals used .22 caliber pistols, due to which they received the nickname The .22 Caliber Killers. In 1979, both brothers were sentenced to several terms of life imprisonment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Girvies Davis and Richard Holman</span> American serial killers

Girvies L. Davis and Richard "Ricky" Holman were American serial killers who killed at least four people during robberies in Illinois between 1978 and 1979. Davis, the older of the two, told an investigator that shooting witnesses was "easier" than wearing a mask. The two were nicknamed "The .22 Caliber Killers". Davis was executed in 1995, while Holman, too young to be executed, is serving a life sentence.

Stig Millehaugen is a Norwegian man who has been convicted for a number of crimes, including armed robbery, the 1992 murder of a prison guard during escape, prison escape in 2000, and the murder of Pakistani-Norwegian gang leader Mohammad Javed in 2009. In the 1980s, he was a member of Tveitagjengen. He has been described at times as "Norway's most dangerous" and was held for some time in total isolation in prison. In 2022, while on a brief prison furlough, he escaped from prison and was recaptured a week later.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Miller, Stephen (7 November 2006). "Ron Porambo, 67, Journalist Turned Robber". The New York Sun. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Donahue, Greg (2018-03-28). "Porambo". The Atavist Magazine. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Parks, Brad (20 June 2007). "Newark riots book may become Ron Porambo's legacy". NJ.com. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Taylor, Bill (8 Nov 2006). "Talented journalist lived life of crime". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018. Alt URL
  5. 1 2 3 4 Allsop, Jon (10 April 2018). "Ron Porambo covered the criminal underworld. Then, he entered it". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nelson, Eric (14 August 2017). "The Newark Rebellion at 50, and the Ghost of Ron Porambo". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  7. 1 2 "State v. Porambo". Justia Law. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.