Billinton is known in academia and the power industry for his work on power system reliability evaluation. He is the author or co-author of eight books dealing with power system reliability. Two of these books,now in their second editions,have been republished in Chinese and one in Russian. His first book,published in 1970,is considered to be the first book in English on the subject of power system reliability.[8] These books have been used worldwide as research and study textbooks. He is the author or co-author of over 950 technical papers related to his research with over 525 publications in international refereed journals. Over 400 papers were published in Conference Proceedings in Canada,the United States,the United Kingdom,France and other countries.
Billinton's other areas of significant contribution include the probabilistic evaluation of transient stability,overall system reliability incorporating a hierarchical system framework,common cause and dependent component outages,[9][10] adverse weather outage models and the development of the Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS).[11][12][13][14]
Billinton was a co-founder of the Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems International Society[15] in 1997 and has been on the board of the society as a director and the chair since its inception.
Academic career
Billinton obtained B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from the University of Manitoba,Ph.D. and D.Sc. degrees from the University of Saskatchewan,and received the University of Saskatchewan Distinguished Researcher Award in October 1993. He joined the University of Saskatchewan as an assistant professor in 1964,after working in the System Planning and Production Divisions of Manitoba Hydro. He became a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1980,and was selected a fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering in 1999.[16]
In addition,Billinton served the College of Engineering as executive director of the University of Saskatchewan 'Canadian International Development Authority (CIDA)'/Inner Mongolia Engineering College Project and as the University of Saskatchewan member on the CIDA/Nepal Engineering College Consortium.[17] He served as chair of the Consortium for several years. His contributions to international activities at the University of Saskatchewan were recognized by presenting him with the J.W. George Ivany Internationalization Award in 2000.[18]
Billinton supervised over one hundred and thirty graduate students. Over forty of these students obtained Ph.D degrees. His teaching skills have been recognized by receiving the IEEE Outstanding Power Engineer Educator Award in 1992[19] and the IEEE Canada Outstanding Engineer Educator Award in 2001.[20] After holding a number of academic responsibilities at the University of Saskatchewan,including serving as an assistant professor,associate professor,professor,head of the Department of Electrical Engineering,assistant dean,associate dean,and acting dean. Billinton retired and became a professor emeritus effective July l,2003.
Research areas
Billinton's area of research is electric power system reliability,economics and performance.[21][22] He co-founded the University of Saskatchewan Power System Research Group and developed a wide range of techniques to evaluate the reliability of engineering systems,from simple configurations to complex systems such as large electricity generation,[23][24]electric power transmission[25][26][27][28] and electric power distribution systems.[29][30][31] His research has applied and studied the well-being approach in the system operating domain,[32][33] in generating capacity planning and in composite system reliability evaluation. These studies include the effects of variable wind power and are considered to be significant contributions to power system reliability research.[34][35][36][37] Billinton has made a significant contribution to the development and application of quantitative techniques for past performance and predictive assessment of power system reliability.[38][39][40][41]
Utilization of Markov models
Billinton's work involves both repair and replacement activities. An important initial contribution by Billinton to the power engineering literature was the utilization of Markov models to incorporate component repair and spare component provisions.[42] These models were applied to evaluate the benefits of spare transformers and mercury arc valves in high voltage direct current transmission converter stations,such as those being considered by Manitoba Hydro for their Nelson River development.[43] This was an important practical application of Markov modeling. Markov models are now routinely used in many power system reliability applications.
Incorporation of variable resources
One important area of research that arose from earlier studies at Manitoba Hydro was the recognition and need to quantitatively evaluate the operating risk associated with adding large generating units to a relatively small electric power utility.[44][45] This concern resulted in a major area of study on spinning or operating capacity reliability assessment that incorporated load forecast uncertainty,rapid start and hot reserve considerations,and the incorporation of interruptible loads. These studies were completed many years ago but are now being reconsidered and extended to incorporate renewable energy sources. The increasing penetration of wind power in modern electric power systems introduces new dimensions in risk evaluation in both the planning and operating domains. Considerable progress has been made in incorporating the inherent variability associated with wind power in both generating capacity adequacy and security evaluation.[46][47]
Cost of customer interruptions
One of the most visible areas of Billinton's research is that of reliability cost/worth evaluation involving customer power interruption costs.[48][49][50] This research extends the calculation of conventional reliability indices to include customer damage in the form of increased monetary costs due to power supply failures.[51] This is now known as value-based reliability assessment (VBRA),in which the unreliability costs are added to the capital and operating costs to produce the total cost value used in project decision making.[52] The VBRA process involves having component reliability data,the ability to calculate suitable load point reliability indices and applicable customer damage costs.[53][54][55][56] These three requirements are highly visible contributions in Billinton's list of journal and conference publications.[57]
Impact on industry
Billinton's research work and related industrial activities have provided considerable assistance in the development of models,methods and standards for component and system reliability assessment.[58] His contributions to the IEEE Standard developments,the CEA Equipment Reliability Information System (ERIS) and Electric Power System Performance Assessment (EPSRA) systems and the research and development of reliability models were recognized by the IEEE by presenting Billinton with the Charles Proteus Steinmetz Award in 2008.[59] Billinton has provided consulting services to all the major Canadian electric power utilities and many other organizations around the world. He has presented over 100 individual utility courses dealing with power system reliability evaluation.
IEEE involvement
Billinton has been very active in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). He joined the IEEE Application of Probability Methods (APM) Subcommittee in 1964 and subsequently served a three-year term as its chairman. He has served on many Task Forces (TF) and Working Groups (WG) over the past fifty years. These include the Performance Records for Optimizing System Design (PROSD) WG,the T &D Component Outage Data TF,the Deterministic Transmission Criteria TF,the Bulk Power Indices TF (chair) and numerous others. He has been involved in the development and subsequent creation of three important standards in the area of power system reliability assessment.[60][61][62] He became a fellow of the IEEE in 1978.
The Roy Billinton Power System Reliability Award was initiated in 2010 by the IEEE Power &Energy Society to honor Billinton and "to recognize outstanding individuals for their contributions to reliability of electric power systems."[63]
Canadian Electricity Association
Billinton had considerable connection over a long period of time with the Canadian Electricity Association (CEA).[64][65][66][67] He joined the CEA in 1962 while working for Manitoba Hydro. He served as CEA's Chair of the Power System Reliability Subsection,the System Planning and Operating Section and the Engineering and Operating Division. He is a founding member of the CEA Consultative Committee on Outage Statistics and served as its chair for over twenty-five years. Under his guidance,the CEA has developed and operates,what is considered the most comprehensive power system outage data collection system in the world.[68]
The Equipment Reliability Information System (ERIS) collects and produces component outage data for generation and transmission systems.[69][70] The Electric Power System Performance Assessment (EPSRA) protocols cover bulk system performance assessment,significant power interruptions and service continuity data.[71][72] The ERIS and EPSRA methodologies developed for collecting data using a common set of definitions are now accepted as Canadian electric power industry standards. Both ERIS and EPSRA are national systems that have the strong support of Canada's electric power utilities. The models and techniques developed in Billinton's research program[73][74][75][76] have provided considerable impetus to the development of suitable protocols for component and system outage data collection.[77]
His contributions to the CEA and Canada were recognized by giving him the CEA Centennial Award for distinguished service to the Canadian electric power industry in 1991.
Engineering Institute of Canada,Sir George Nelson Award,1965,1967
University of Manitoba Gold Medal,1960
Published works
Academic books (authored or coauthored)
R. Billinton; R.N. Allan (1996). Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems (2nded.). Plenum Press. ISBN978-0-306-45259-8.
——; W. Li (1994). Reliability Assessment of Electric Power Systems Using Monte Carlo Methods. Plenum Press. ISBN978-0-306-44781-5.
——; R.N. Allan (1992). Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems (2nded.). Plenum Press. ISBN978-0-306-44063-2.
——; R.N. Allan; L. Salvaderi (1991). Applied Reliability Assessment in Electric Power Systems. IEEE Press. ISBN978-0-87942-264-6.
——; R.N. Allan (1988). Reliability Assessment of Large Electric Power Systems. Kluwer Academic Publisher. ISBN978-0-89838-266-2.
——; C. Singh (1977). System Reliability Modelling and Evaluation. Hutchinsons Educational Press. ISBN978-0-09-126500-7.
——; R.J. Ringlee; A.J. Wood (1973). Power System Reliability Calculations. MIT Press. ISBN978-0-262-02098-5.
—— (1970). Power System Reliability Evaluation. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. ISBN978-0-677-02870-5.
Selected academic articles
Wangdee, W.; Billinton, R. (2012). "Probing the Intermittent Energy Resource Contributions from Generation Adequacy and Security Perspectives". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 27 (4): 2306–2314. Bibcode:2012ITPSy..27.2306W. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2204281. S2CID21072110.
Billinton, R.; Gao, Y.; Karki, R. (2009). "Composite System Adequacy Assessment Incorporating Large-Scale Wind Energy Conversion Systems Considering Wind Speed Correlation". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 24 (3): 1375–1382. Bibcode:2009ITPSy..24.1375B. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2023263. S2CID22761343.
Billinton, R.; Karki, B.; Karki, R.; Ramakrishna, G. (2009). "Unit Commitment Risk Analysis of Wind Integrated Power Systems". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 24 (2): 930–939. Bibcode:2009ITPSy..24..930B. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2016485.
Billinton, R.; Gao, Y. (2008). "Multi-state Wind Energy Conversion System Models for Adequacy Assessment of Generating Systems Incorporating Wind Energy". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 23 (2): 163–170. Bibcode:2008ITEnC..23..163B. doi:10.1109/TEC.2006.882415. S2CID22640862.
Karki, R.; Billinton, R. (2001). "Reliability/Cost Implications of PV and Wind Energy Utilization in Small Isolated Power Systems". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 16 (4): 368–373. Bibcode:2001ITEnC..16..368K. doi:10.1109/60.969477.
Billinton, R.; Karki, R. (1999). "Capacity Reserve Assessment Using System Well-Being Analysis". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 14 (2): 433–438. Bibcode:1999ITPSy..14..433B. doi:10.1109/59.761861.
Billinton, R.; Chen, H.; Ghajar, R. (1996). "Time Series Models for Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems Including Wind Energy". Journal of Microelectronics and Reliability. 36 (9): 1253–1261. doi:10.1016/0026-2714(95)00154-9.
Billinton, R.; Li, W. (1993). "A System State Transition Sampling Method for Composite System Reliability Evaluation". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 8 (3): 761–770. Bibcode:1993ITPSy...8..761B. doi:10.1109/59.260930.
Allan, R.; Billinton, R.; Sjarief, I.; Goel, L.; So, K. (1991). "A Reliability Test System for Educational Purposes - Basic Distribution System Data and Results". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 6 (2): 813–820. Bibcode:1991ITPSy...6..813A. doi:10.1109/59.76730.
Billinton, R.; Vohra, P. (1987). "Station-Initiated Outages In Composite System Adequacy Evaluation". IEE Proceedings C - Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 134 (1): 10–16. doi:10.1049/ip-c.1987.0002.
Billinton, R.; Medicherla, T.; Sachdev, M. (1978). "Common Cause Outages In Multiple Circuit Transmission Lines". IEEE Transactions on Reliability. R-27 (2): 128–131. doi:10.1109/TR.1978.5220281. S2CID21369748.
Billinton, R.; Jain, A. (1972). "The Effect Of Rapid Start And Hot Reserve Units In Spinning Reserve Studies". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 91 (2): 511–516. Bibcode:1972ITPAS..91..511B. doi:10.1109/TPAS.1972.293234.
Billinton, R.; Bollinger, K. (1968). "Transmission System Reliability Evaluation Using Markov Processes". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 87 (2): 538–547. Bibcode:1968ITPAS..87..538B. doi:10.1109/TPAS.1968.292051.
References
1 2 Billinton, R.; Jonnavithula, A. (1997). "Composite System Adequacy Assessment Using Sequential Monte Carlo Simulation with Variance Reduction Techniques". IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 144 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1049/ip-gtd:19970763 (inactive July 12, 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
1 2 Billinton, R.; Aboreshaid, S. (1995). "Security Evaluation of Composite Power Systems". IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 142 (5): 511–516. doi:10.1049/ip-gtd:19952097 (inactive July 12, 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
1 2 Billinton, R.; Lian, G. (1994). "Composite Power System Health Analysis Using A Security Constrained Adequacy Evaluation Procedure". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 9 (2): 936–941. Bibcode:1994ITPSy...9..936B. doi:10.1109/59.317653.
1 2 Billinton, R.; Chowdhury, A. (1992). "Incorporation of Wind Energy Conversion Systems in Conventional Generating Capacity Adequacy Assessment". IEE Proceedings C - Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 139 (1): January. doi:10.1049/ip-c.1992.0008.
↑ Billinton, R.; Medicherla, T.; Sachdev, M. (1981). "Application Of Common Cause Outage Models In Composite System Reliability Evaluation". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 100 (7): 3648–3659. Bibcode:1981ITPAS.100.3648B. doi:10.1109/TPAS.1981.316659. S2CID30635436.
↑ Billinton, R.; Lian, G. (1994). "Consideration of Dependent Outages In Security Constrained Adequacy Evaluation of Composite Systems". IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 141 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1049/ip-gtd:19949705 (inactive July 12, 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
↑ Chowdhury, N.; Billinton, R. (1991). "A Reliability Test System for Educational Purposes - Spinning Reserve Studies in Isolated and Interconnected Systems". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 6 (4): 1578–1583. Bibcode:1991ITPSy...6.1578C. doi:10.1109/59.117005.
↑ Grigg, C.; Wang, P.; Albrecht, P.; Allan, R.N.; Bhavaraju, M.; Billinton, R.; etal. (1999). "The IEEE Reliability Test System-1996. A report prepared by the Reliability Test System Task Force of the Application of Probability Methods Subcommittee". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 14 (3): 1010–1020. Bibcode:1999ITPSy..14.1010G. doi:10.1109/59.780914.
↑ Billinton, R.; Vohra, P.; Kumar, S. (1985). "Effect of Station Originated Outages in a Composite System Adequacy Evaluation of the IEEE Reliability Test System". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 104 (10): 2649–2656. Bibcode:1985ITPAS.104.2649B. doi:10.1109/TPAS.1985.319105. S2CID62786254.
↑ Pandey, M.; Billinton, R. (2000). "Electric Power System Reliability Criteria Determination in a Developing Country – An Investigation in Nepal". IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 15 (3): 342–347. Bibcode:2000ITEnC..15..342P. doi:10.1109/60.875501.
↑ Bhavaraju, M.; Billinton, R. (1971). "Transmission Planning Using A Reliability Criterion - Part II Transmission Planning". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 90 (1): 70–78. Bibcode:1971ITPAS..90...70B. doi:10.1109/tpas.1971.292900.
↑ Billinton, R.; Bhavaraju, M. (1970). "Transmission Planning Using A Reliability Criterion. Part I, A Reliability Criterion". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 89 (1): 28–34. Bibcode:1970ITPAS..89...28B. doi:10.1109/TPAS.1970.292665.
↑ Billinton, R.; Singh, C. (1971). "Generating Capacity Reliability Evaluation In Interconnected Systems Using A Frequency And Duration Approach, Part II, System Applications". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 90 (4): 1654–1664. Bibcode:1971ITPAS..90.1654B. doi:10.1109/TPAS.1971.293154.
↑ Billinton, R.; Singh, C. (1971). "Generating Capacity Reliability Evaluation In Interconnected Systems Using A Frequency And Duration Approach, Part I, Mathematical Analysis". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 90 (4): 1646–1654. Bibcode:1971ITPAS..90.1646B. doi:10.1109/TPAS.1971.293153.
↑ Billinton, R.; Yang, H. (2005). "Incorporating Station Related Aging Failures in Bulk System Reliability Analysis". KIEE International Transactions on Power Engineering. 5-A (4): 322–330.
↑ Billinton, R.; Kuruganty, P. (1979). "Probabilistic Evaluation Of Transient Stability In A Multimachine Power System". Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 126 (4): 321–326. doi:10.1049/piee.1979.0080.
↑ Billinton, R.; Musick, M. "Spinning Reserve Criteria In A Hydro Thermal System By The Application Of Probability Mathematics". Journal of Engineering Institute of Canada: October 1965.
↑ Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M.; Billinton, R.; Aboreshaid, S. (1996). "Spinning Reserve Allocation Using Response Health Analysis". IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 143 (4): 337–343. doi:10.1049/ip-gtd:19960312 (inactive July 12, 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
↑ Billinton, R.; Gao, Y.; Karki, R. (2010). "Application of a Joint Deterministic-Probabilistic Criterion to Wind Integrated Bulk Power System Planning". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 25 (3): 1384–1392. Bibcode:2010ITPSy..25.1384B. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2039652. S2CID39807199.
↑ Billinton, R.; Satish, J. (1994). "Predictive Assessment of Bulk-System-Reliability Performance Indices". IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 141 (5): 466–472. doi:10.1049/ip-gtd:19941219 (inactive July 12, 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
↑ Zhang, W.; Billinton, R. (1998). "Application of an Adequacy Equivalent Method in Bulk Power System Reliability Evaluation". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 13 (2): 661–666. Bibcode:1998ITPSy..13..661Z. doi:10.1109/59.667397.
↑ "Topic Articles". IEEE Global History Network. Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
↑ Billinton, R.; Bhavaraju, M. (1967). "Loss Of Load Probability Approach To The Evaluation Of Generating Capacity Reliability Of Two Interconnected Systems". CEA Transactions. 6, Part II, Paper No. 67-SP-126.
↑ Billinton, R. (1966). Bibliography On Application Of Probability Methods In The Evaluation Of Generating Capacity Requirements. IEEE Winter Power Meeting, New York, N.Y. Art.No. 31 CP 66–62. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
↑ Billinton, R.; Prasad, V. (1971). "Quantitative Reliability Analysis Of HVDC Transmission Systems Part II Composite System Analysis". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 90 (3): 1047–1054. Bibcode:1971ITPAS..90.1047B. doi:10.1109/TPAS.1971.292846.
↑ Billinton, R.; Prasad, V. (1971). "Quantitative Reliability Analysis of HVDC Transmission Systems Part I. Spare Valve Assessment in Mercury Arc Bridge Configurations". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 90 (3): 1034–1046. Bibcode:1971ITPAS..90.1034B. doi:10.1109/TPAS.1971.292845.
↑ Billinton, R.; Cheung, L. (1987). "Load Modification: A Unified Approach For Generating-Capacity Reliability Evaluation And Production Cost Modelling". IEE Proceedings C - Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 134, Pt. C (4): 273–280. doi:10.1049/ip-c.1987.0043.
↑ Billinton, R.; Ghajar, R. (1987). "Utilization Of Monte Carlo Simulation In Generating Capacity Adequacy Evaluation". CEA Transactions. 26.
↑ Gao, Y.; Billinton, R. (2009). "Adequacy Assessment of Generating Systems Containing Wind Power Considering Wind Speed Correlation". IET Renewable Power Generation. 3 (2): 217–226. Bibcode:2009IRPG....3..217G. doi:10.1049/iet-rpg:20080036.
↑ Billinton, R.; Gao, Y. (2008). "Adequacy Assessment of Composite Power Generation and Transmission Systems with Wind Energy". International Journal of Reliability and Safety. 2 (1/2): 79–98. doi:10.1504/ijrs.2008.020774.
↑ Billinton, R.; Ali, S.; Wacker, G. (2002). "Rural Distribution System Reliability Worth Evaluation Using Individual Customer Outage Cost Characteristics". Journal of Electric Power and Energy Systems. 26 (4): 235–240, Proceedings of the Probability Methods Applied To Power Systems Conference, Naples, September 2002, pp. 3–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2003.10.002.
↑ Billinton, R.; Cui, L.; Pan, Z. (2002). "Quantitative Reliability Considerations in the Determination of Performance-Based Rates and Customer Service Disruption Payments". IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 149 (6): 640–644. doi:10.1049/ip-gtd:20020702 (inactive July 12, 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
↑ Billinton, R.; Wacker, G.; Wojczynski, E. (1982). "Customer Damage Resulting From Electric Service Interruptions". CEA Transactions. 21.
↑ Billinton, R.; Chu, K. (1992). "An Integrated Approach to Electric Power System Planning and Cost of Service Allocation". Utilities Policy. 2 (4): October. doi:10.1016/0957-1787(92)90009-8.
↑ Wacker, G.; Billinton, R. (1989). "Customer Cost of Electric Service Interruptions". Proceedings of the IEEE. 77 (6): 919–930. doi:10.1109/5.29332.
↑ Billinton, R. (1988). "Distribution System Reliability Performance and Evaluation". Journal of Electric Power and Energy Systems. 10 (3): 190–200. doi:10.1016/0142-0615(88)90035-X.
↑ Billinton, R.; Abilgard, H.; etal. (2001). "Methods to Consider Customer Interruption Costs in Power System Analysis". Electra. 197, August.
↑ Billinton, R.; Wangdee, W. (2006). "Predicting Bulk Electricity System Reliability Performance Indices Using Sequential Monte Carlo Simulation". IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 21 (2): 909–917. doi:10.1109/TPWRD.2005.861237. S2CID23906817.
↑ Billinton, R.; Singh, G. (2006). "Application of Adverse and Extreme Adverse Weather Modelling In Transmission and Distribution System Reliability Evaluation". IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 153 (1): 115–120. doi:10.1049/ip-gtd:20045058 (inactive July 12, 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
↑ Billinton, R. (1988). "Criteria Used by Canadian Utilities in the Planning and Operation of Generating Capacity". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 3 (4): 1488–1493. Bibcode:1988ITPSy...3.1488B. doi:10.1109/59.192957.
↑ Billinton, R.; Satish, J.; Ghajar, R. (1994). "Hierarchical Power System Reliability Evaluation Using the Canadian Electrical Association Data Base". CEA Transactions.
↑ Wojczynski, E.; Billinton, R.; Wacker, G. (1984). "Interruption Cost Methodology And Results - A Canadian Commercial And Small Industry Survey". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 103 (2): 437–444. Bibcode:1984ITPAS.103..437W. doi:10.1109/TPAS.1984.318266. S2CID39276916.
↑ Billinton, R.; Krasnodebski, J. (1973). "Practical Applications Of Reliability And Maintainability Concepts To Generating Stations Design". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 92 (6): 1814–1824. Bibcode:1973ITPAS..92.1814B. doi:10.1109/TPAS.1973.293561.
↑ Billinton, R.; Medicherla, T. (1981). "Station Originated Multiple Outages In The Reliability Analysis Of A Composite Generation And Transmission System". IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems. 100 (8): 3869–3878. Bibcode:1981ITPAS.100.3870B. doi:10.1109/TPAS.1981.316982. S2CID31691819.
↑ Billinton, R. (1964). "Application Of Probability Techniques In The Evaluation Of Generating Capacity Requirements". CEA Transactions. 3: Part III.
↑ Billinton, R. (1963). "Service Continuity Statistics". CEA Transactions. 2: Part IV.
↑ Billinton, R.; Goel, L. (1992). "Overall Adequacy Assessment of an Electric Power System". IEE Proceedings C - Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 139 (1): 57–63. doi:10.1049/ip-c.1992.0009.
↑ Billinton, R.; Li, W. (1991). "Hybrid Approach for Reliability Evaluation of Composite Generation and Transmission Systems Using Monte Carlo Simulation and Enumeration Technique". IEE Proceedings C - Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 138 (3): 233. doi:10.1049/ip-c.1991.0029.
↑ Billinton, R.; Kumar, S. (1990). "Indices for Use in Composite Generation and Transmission System Adequacy Evaluation". Journal of Electric Power and Energy Systems. 12 (3): 147–155. doi:10.1016/0142-0615(90)90027-9.
↑ Billinton, R.; Kumar, S. (1988). "Adequacy Equivalents In Composite Power System Evaluation - Basic Concepts And System Studies". CEA Transactions. 28.
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