Royal Parade, Melbourne

Last updated

Royal Parade

Royal Parade Brunswick looking S.jpg
Royal Parade, looking south from northern end
General information
TypeRoad
Length2.5 km (1.6 mi) [1]
Route number(s) Australian state route 55.svg Metro Route 55 (2005–present)
Former
route number
  • Australian national highway 31.svg National Highway 31 (1974–2005)
  • Australian national route 31.svg National Route 31 (1954–1974)
Major junctions
North endAustralian state route 55.svg Sydney Road
Brunswick, Melbourne
 
South endAustralian state route 55.svg Elizabeth Street
Parkville, Melbourne
Location(s)
LGA(s) City of Melbourne
Major suburbs Parkville

Royal Parade is a major urban road in Victoria, Australia, linking Melbourne City to Brunswick and the northern suburbs. It is the site of major educational and sporting facilities as well as several buildings of heritage significance.

Contents

Location

Royal Parade runs as a continuation from the northern end of Elizabeth Street, in Melbourne City, at the intersection with the east-west Grattan Street in Carlton. It runs north-south through the centre of the suburb of Parkville and terminates at the beginning of Sydney Road in Brunswick at the intersection of Park Street. For its northern half, it forms the western boundary of Princes Park, Carlton North. Near its northern end, Royal Parade crosses an underpass previously housing the Inner Circle railway line which operated from 1888 to 1981.

The road is not to be confused with other and smaller roads called "Royal Parade" in the Melbourne suburbs of Caulfield South, Parkdale/Mordialloc, Pascoe Vale South and Reservoir as well as in the Victorian towns of Emerald, Inverloch and Riddells Creek.

Transport

Tram, cars and bicycle lane on Royal Parade near Princes Park Tram cars and bike lane, Royal Parade, Melbourne.jpg
Tram, cars and bicycle lane on Royal Parade near Princes Park

Tram route 19, which runs from Bakers Road in Coburg North to Flinders Street station in the city runs the entire length of Royal Parade on part of its route. [2] Bus routes 50 (Moonee Ponds Junction to Melbourne University) [3] and 546 (Heidelberg to Melbourne University) [4] use Royal Parade. Historically part of the Hume Highway from Melbourne to Sydney, it used to be signed as National Highway 31, but since the opening of the Craigieburn Bypass in 2005 this section was replaced with Metropolitan Route 55.

History and development

Originally following the stock-route bearing north out of the settlement of Melbourne in the 1830s, the "Sydney road" that wound through what is now Princes Park was aligned in about 1852 along the north-south datum line established by surveyor Robert Hoddle. [5] With the founding of the University of Melbourne in the 1850s, the roads of Parkville became more formalised, but the road's poor state of repair was a constant concern, [6] even after its upkeep was put in the hands of the City in 1865 with the costs subsidised from the toll paid for users of the road further out in Brunswick. [7]

Initially part of Royal Park, sections of land on the western side of Royal Parade were progressively sold for housing, commencing in 1868. [8] A Crown covenant was enacted in 1870, regulating such aspects as the height and position of the houses in the northern sections of Royal Parade. The covenant was annulled in 1972. [9]

Creation of boulevard

In 1878 the Melbourne City Council created a tree-lined boulevard "from Grattan-street to the Brunswick boundary" measuring almost 200 feet wide, by planting 816 trees in four rows as part of a scheme that included several major roads in the area:

The Sydney-road, when planted, will be as fine an approach as any city in the world can boast. It is three chains wide, and there will be a row of trees on each side at a distance of 26ft. from the building line; half a chain from these will be second rows of trees, so that there will remain a 66ft. road in the middle for heavy traffic, and an avenue on either side available for light traffic, and all under the shelter of trees. Other improvements to this road are in progress, in the way of kerbing, footpath-making, and draining, and when the trees now about to be planted have fairly established themselves there will be nothing left wanting to its completeness, except to cut down, to the extent of 6ft or 8ft, [a] hill that obstructs the road at the top of Elizabeth-street, to the detriment of the scenery and to the injury of working cattle. [10]

Name

Elm trees on Royal Parade Elm trees on Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne.jpg
Elm trees on Royal Parade

On 28 October 1878, the City Council resolved to adopt the name "Royal Parade", however it took many years for "Sydney Road" to be replaced in common speech. [11] In April 1879, Alderman James Gatehouse was reported as moving the adoption by the City Council of a report recommending the construction of a "tramway for heavy traffic along the Royal-parade (Sydney-road)". [12] Council debated the merits of a tramway "from the Sarah Sands Hotel to Grattan-street for the use of the brick traffic from Brunswick" for several months before it proceeded at a cost of just over £3,000. [13]

Elm trees

In 1913, the road was transformed again, with the original planting replaced with 400 English elms in four rows, separating the double-width central carriageway from the two outer service lanes. The central lanes were sealed with tarmac for the first time, thus reducing dust significantly, and decorative rockeries were created between the trees. [14] Further works were carried out in 1916 with the assistance of State Government loans to the City Council for public works:

More than any other thoroughfare, Royal parade, or Sydney road, as it is more familiarly called, will benefit from the Government loan. In recent years the council has expended large sums of money to improve the street in conformity with the general plan for the beautification of the metropolis. The great width of the road has permitted the construction of two parallel lines of ornamental flower gardens, and, after considerable labour and expense, these have been brought to such a state us to reflect great credit upon the municipality. At a point beyond the Hay Market, the work on the gardens was finished about two years ago. When the loan money was made available some months ago, the council decided to further improve Royal parade by wood blocking the road between the tram track and the two strips of gardens, and to form a macadam road on the outside of the garden strips. Prior to that time, the central roadway was not sufficiently wide to allow the safe passage of two vehicles travelling abreast, and, to enable this to be done, it was decided to widen the roadway two feet on each side. This necessitated the cutting into the gardens to the extent of two feet. It is estimated that the total cost of the improvements will amount to £40,000. [15]

Also in 1916, it was finally agreed to move the hay, cattle and pig markets situated at the Elizabeth Street end of the Parade. [16]

The cutting where the disused Inner Circle railway line passes under Royal Parade Inner circle railway line, Parkville, Melbourne.jpg
The cutting where the disused Inner Circle railway line passes under Royal Parade

Trams

From 1889 until it was closed in 1923, a horse-drawn tram operated from Royal Parade to the Zoological Gardens. [17] The tram line that runs on Royal Parade itself was electrified in 1935, the conversion from a cable system requiring the installation of poles and sets of overhead wires, the construction of a depot in Brunswick and the purchase of 40 new tramcars, at a total cost of £500,000. [18] In 1936, some trees in a section of the plantings near Janet Clarke Hall were removed to make the road safer for motorists after a further series of accidents. [19]

Many of the large palm trees that had been interplanted between the elms were removed in 1947 as part of a further beautification scheme by the City Council. [20] Some palms remain in the northern section of Princes Park.

Accidents

Where the road crossed the underpass for the now-closed Inner Circle railway line, the relatively narrow bridge meant that the two side avenues became dead ends. Accidents resulted from drivers not realising that the avenues did not continue over the bridge. These included a bus crashing through the boundary fence on 19 June 1924, and falling 40 feet down the cutting onto the tracks, [21] and the death of Mr Samuel Keage, a local architect, on 7 November 1924, when his car similarly ran down the cutting on to the tracks. [22] A few weeks before Keage was killed the Melbourne City Council had let a contract, at a cost of £4,600, for extensions to each side of the underpass to allow for the continuation of the side avenues. [23]

On 12 August 2019, Associate Professor Allison Milner, a 36-year-old researcher in social epidemiology at the University of Melbourne died from injuries received when one of the elm trees along Princes Park fell on her while she was walking to work. The 106-year-old trees had been inspected in July that year, but no risk was identified. Drought and nearby construction works were thought to have contributed to a weakening of the root system. [24]

Heritage listing

Beginning in the 1930s, the large homes built between 1880 and World War I began to be demolished and replaced with higher density housing. [25] Blocks of two-storey flats with Art Deco styling can be seen at 283 Royal Parade ("Park Court") and 311 Royal Parade ("Royal Court"). Of particular significance were houses such as "Mount Ievers" (see Notable Former Residents, below), built in 1890 and demolished in 1975 to be replaced with a large block of apartments. [26] Numbers of older buildings were then assessed by Heritage Victoria and placed on the register of significant buildings.

Royal Parade itself was listed by Heritage Victoria in 2009, as a site of State significance, being a fine example of the internationally City Beautiful planning movement. [27]

Road classification

As a part of the Hume Highway, the road was signed as National Route 31 in 1954. The Whitlam government introduced the federal National Roads Act 1974, [28] where roads declared as a National Highway were still the responsibility of the states for road construction and maintenance, but were fully compensated by the Federal government for money spent on approved projects. [28] :S7 As an important interstate link between the capitals of Victoria and New South Wales, Royal Parade (as the Hume Highway) was declared a National Highway in 1974. The National Highway 31 route was extended south beyond Royal Parade in 1988, along Elizabeth and Peel Streets through the Docklands district to eventually end at the Montague Street interchange with the West Gate Freeway when its extension was opened in the same year.

With Victoria's conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in the late 1990s, Royal Parade remained signed as National Highway 31, eventually replaced with Metropolitan Route 55 in 2005 (when the Craigieburn bypass opened).

The passing of the Road Management Act 2004 [29] granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2004, VicRoads declared this road as Royal Parade (Arterial #5979), beginning from Brunswick Road, Brunswick and ending at Grattan Street, Parkville. [30]

Significant buildings

Listed in order, moving South to North up Royal Parade, away from the City.

Education facilities

Residential colleges of the University of Melbourne

Trinity College Chapel, Royal Parade Parkville - University of Melbourne (Trinity College Chapel).jpg
Trinity College Chapel, Royal Parade

Health facilities and services

Research facilities

Ecclesiastical establishments

The former Parkville Presbyterian Church and the WWI memorial Parkville Presbyterian Church, Melbourne, 1898.jpg
The former Parkville Presbyterian Church and the WWI memorial

Government buildings

Professional organisations

Notable private residential buildings

George Hawkins Ievers Memorial Drinking Fountain (1916) Ievers monument, Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne.jpg
George Hawkins Ievers Memorial Drinking Fountain (1916)

Sporting and community facilities

Accommodation and hospitality facilities

Memorials

Notable former residents

"Mount Ievers", previously at 521 Royal Parade; demolished in 1975. Photo by John T Collins. Image owned by State Library of Victoria Mount Ievers, 521 Royal Parade, Melbourne.tif
"Mount Ievers", previously at 521 Royal Parade; demolished in 1975. Photo by John T Collins. Image owned by State Library of Victoria

Cultural references

See also

Australia road sign W5-29.svg   Australian Roadsportal

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parkville, Victoria</span> Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Parkville is an inner-city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3 km (1.9 mi) north of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Cities of Melbourne and Merri-bek local government areas. Parkville recorded a population of 7,074 at the 2021 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fitzroy, Victoria</span> Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Fitzroy is an inner-city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3 km (1.9 mi) north-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Yarra local government area. Fitzroy recorded a population of 10,431 at the 2021 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northcote, Victoria</span> Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Northcote is an inner-city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 7 km (4.3 mi) north-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Darebin local government area. Northcote recorded a population of 25,276 at the 2021 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brunswick, Victoria</span> Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Brunswick is an inner-city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Merri-bek local government area. Brunswick recorded a population of 24,896 at the 2021 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coburg, Victoria</span> Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Coburg is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Cities of Darebin and Merri-bek local government areas. Coburg recorded a population of 26,574 at the 2021 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carlton, Victoria</span> Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Carlton is an inner-city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, three kilometres north of the Melbourne central business district within the City of Melbourne local government area. Carlton recorded a population of 16,055 at the 2021 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Upfield Bike Path</span>

The Upfield Shared Path is a shared use path for cyclists and pedestrians, which follows Upfield railway line through the inner northern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicholson Street</span> Street in Melbourne, Victoria

Nicholson Street is a street in inner Melbourne. It is named after William Nicholson, then member of the Legislative Council, and later Premier of Victoria from 1859 to 1860.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sydney Road</span> Road in Melbourne, Australia

Sydney Road is a major urban arterial in the northern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carlton North</span> Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Carlton North is an inner-city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 4 km (2.5 mi) north of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Cities of Melbourne and Yarra local government areas. Carlton North recorded a population of 6,177 at the 2021 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flagstaff Gardens</span>

Flagstaff Gardens is the oldest park in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, first established in 1862. Today it is one of the most visited and widely used parks in the city by residents, nearby office workers and tourists. The gardens are notable for their archaeological, horticultural, historical and social significance to the history of Melbourne.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carlton Gardens</span> Garden in Melbourne, Australia

The Carlton Gardens is a World Heritage Site located on the northeastern edge of the Central Business District in the suburb of Carlton, in Melbourne, Australia. A popular picnic and barbecue area, the heritage-listed Carlton Gardens are home to an array of wildlife, including brushtail possums.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Park, Melbourne</span> Urban park in Melbourne, Australia

Royal Park is the largest of Melbourne's inner city parks. It is located four kilometres (2.5 mi) north of the Melbourne CBD, in Victoria, Australia, in the suburb of Parkville.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melbourne cable tramway system</span> Cable car public transport system in Melbourne, Australia

The Melbourne cable tramway system was a cable car public transport system, which operated between 1885 and 1940 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Melbourne Hospital</span> Hospital in Melbourne, Australia

The Royal Melbourne Hospital (RMH), located in Parkville, Victoria, an inner suburb of Melbourne, is one of Australia's leading public hospitals. It is a major teaching hospital for tertiary health care with a reputation in clinical research. The hospital is managed as part of Melbourne Health which comprises the Royal Melbourne Hospital, North West Dialysis Service and North Western Mental Health. The Royal Melbourne Hospital appointed Professor Shelley Dolan as the new Chief Executive following an international search. She succeeds Professor Christine Kilpatrick AO, who stepped down on 30 June 2023.

Bates Smart is an architectural firm with studios in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1853 by Joseph Reed, it is one of Australia's oldest architectural firms. Over the decades, the firm's practices involving architecture, interior design, urban design, strategy, sustainability and research, have been responsible for some of Australia’s most recognizable buildings.

Australian non-residential architectural styles are a set of Australian architectural styles that apply to buildings used for purposes other than residence and have been around only since the first colonial government buildings of early European settlement of Australia in 1788.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Percy Edgar Everett</span> Australian architect (1888–1967)

Percy Edgar Everett,, was appointed chief architect of the Victorian Public Works Department in 1934 and is best known for the striking Modernist / Art Deco schools, hospitals, court houses, office buildings and technical colleges the department produced over the next 20 years.

"Boom style" is a recognised architectural development of a late nineteenth-century period of prosperity in which domestic, commercial, public and ecclesiastical architecture burgeoned, particularly in Victoria, Australia, and in other east-coast Australian states. The phrase is sometimes used, uncapitalised, to designate similar opulent architecture of overlapping periods across the late British Empire, and to some extent in America.

References

  1. Google (19 October 2021). "Royal Parade" (Map). Google Maps . Google. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  2. "19 North Coburg - Flinders Street Station & City". Public Transport Victoria.
  3. "505 Moonee Ponds - Melbourne University via Parkville Gardens". Public Transport Victoria.
  4. "546 Heidelberg Station - Melb Uni - Queen Victoria Market via Clifton Hill and Carlton". Public Transport Victoria.
  5. For an early references to this road, see, for example, "Accidents", The Argus, 25 December 1850, p. 2.
  6. See Legislative Assembly debate, 29 Jan. 1857, The Argus, 30 Jan. 1857, p. 4.
  7. "The Sydney-Road", The Argus, 2 Sep. 1868, Supplement, p. 2.
  8. For earlier discussion of reserving such land, see, for example,"Board of Land and Works (Brunswick Municipality)", The Argus, 30 November 1858, p. 5.
  9. The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online
  10. "Tree-planting in Melbourne", The Argus, 2 Aug. 1878, p. 6. The date of 1853 given in The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online seems incorrect.
  11. "What City Fathers Said in 1878 they Say Again", The Argus, 10 Oct. 1947, p.17.
  12. "City Council", The Argus, 22 Apr. 1879, p. 6. James Gatehouse (1826-1891) was a member of the Melbourne City Council for Albert ward from 1870, and was Mayor of Melbourne in 1874-75.
  13. "City Council", The Argus, 1 July 1879, p. 5.
  14. "Royal Parade", The Argus, 17 Jan. 1914, p. 22.
  15. "Street Improvement: Work on Royal Parade", The Argus, 22 June 1916, p. 4.
  16. "Hay and Stock Markets: Removal from Parkville—A Scheme Proposed", The Argus, 4 Aug. 1916, p. 4. The roundabout is still known as the Haymarket, but does not, technically, join to Royal Parade, due to the extension of Elizabeth Street, sometimes known as Elizabeth Street North.
  17. Tramway Museum Society of Victoria.
  18. "More Electric Trams", The Argus, 1 Feb. 1935, p. 9.
  19. "Removing Trees", The Argus, 8 Dec. 1936, p. 8; "Trees Obscured View of Motorists", The Argus, 15, Jan. 1937. p. 4.
  20. "Palms are Coming out", The Argus, 29 May 1947, p. 5.
  21. "'Bus Falls 50 Feet Into Railway Cutting". The Argus. 20 June 1924. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  22. "City Architect Killed". The Argus. 8 November 1924. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  23. "Removing "Bottle-Neck"". The Argus. 10 November 1924. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  24. "Tributes for caring academic killed by falling park tree",The Age, 13 Aug. 2019, p. 1.
  25. See discussion of 'Flats' in The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online (Cambridge University Press, 2005)
  26. E. Graeme Robertson and Joan Robertson, Parkville (Melbourne: Georgian House for the National Trust of Australia (Victoria), 1975), pp. 130-31.
  27. Kate Lahey, "Heritage listing for Royal Parade", The Age, 9 April 2009.
  28. 1 2 National Roads Act 1974 (Cth)
  29. State Government of Victoria. "Road Management Act 2004" (PDF). Government of Victoria. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  30. VicRoads. "VicRoads – Register of Public Roads (Part A)" (PDF). Government of Victoria. p. 905. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  31. "Royal Parade Sites", The Argus, 11 Nov. 1926, p. 11.
  32. Heritage Victoria, File Number B4060
  33. Heritage Victoria, File Number B4729
  34. Heritage Victoria, File Number B3451
  35. "Divorce Court", The Argus', 28 June 1929, p. 11.
  36. Heritage Victoria, File Number B4726
  37. Heritage Victoria, File Number B3500
  38. Heritage Victoria, File Number B4701
  39. Heritage Victoria, File Number B1354
  40. See "First Motel in City", Herald, 24 Oct. 1958, p. 27; Heritage Victoria, "Survey of Post-War Built Heritage" (2008), vol. 2, p. 250.
  41. "Parkville by Oliver Hume"
  42. http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM02080b.htm Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online
  43. "Parkville Memorial", The Argus, 5 Oct. 1925, p. 15.
  44. "Death of Alderman Brenan", The Argus, 18 May 1914, p. 9; "Personal", The Argus, 17 May 1915, p. 8; "Personal", Marlborough Express, 19 May 1914, p. 5.
  45. "Personal", The Argus", 14 Jan. 1932, p. 6.
  46. "Personal", The Argus, 21 Aug. 1920, p. 20.
  47. Find and Connect Victoria
  48. George Parsons, "Ferguson, Mephan (1843–1919)", Australian Dictionary of Biography.
  49. Sylvia Morrissey, "Ievers, William (1818–1901)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 4 (Melbourne: MUP, 1972).
  50. "Death of Professor Kernot", The Argus, 15 Mar. 1909, p.7.
  51. "Royal Parade Rehandicapped", The Argus, 24 Mar. 1931, p. 9.
  52. Royal Parade Myspace page