Rural Water Supply Network

Last updated
Rural Water Supply Network
AbbreviationRWSN
Formation1992;32 years ago (1992) (initially under the name of Handpump Technology Network (HTN), since 2004 under the name of RWSN)
Type Non-profit organization
FocusAchieving universal access to safe, affordable drinking water for all rural people worldwide
Headquarters St. Gallen, Switzerland (location of secretariat)
Region served
Worldwide but mainly developing countries
MethodNetworking, capacity building, knowledge sharing, creating and hosting publications, online discussion groups, webinars, conferences
FundingVarious (formerly Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) was providing core funding); nowadays funding is from partner contributions and project funding
Website rural-water-supply.net/en/

The Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) is a global, multi-stakeholder network focused on achieving universal access to safe, affordable drinking water for all rural people worldwide. Established in 1992 as the Handpump Technology Network (HTN), [1] [2] the organization originally concentrated on the development and maintenance of handpump technologies. Over time, it expanded its scope to address broader rural water supply issues, and in 2004, it was rebranded as RWSN. [3] The network has no legal structure and instead is a loose collaboration.

Contents

RWSN operates on the principles of collaboration, knowledge sharing, and capacity building among its members. The network is organized into various thematic groups, such as sustainable groundwater development, self-supply, and the professionalization of community water management. RWSN runs webinars, facilitates online discussion communities and publishes peer-reviewed guidelines and case studies. [4]

Funding for RWSN comes from a combination of membership fees, grants from international donors, and contributions from partner organizations. The RWSN secretariat had income for the period 2018-2020 from 15 sources of partner contributions and project funding. The largest single contribution (30%) was from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). [4] The secretariat complements its core funds with project based work. [5] : 4 

Rationale and regional focus

The RWSN networking activities focus on rural people most in need of safe access to drinking water, which means its geographic focus by default is developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and Asia. However, in principle anyone living in a rural area anywhere in the world could benefit from the network's activities.

The underlying problem that a network such as RWSN is trying to solve is that millions of people in rural areas of developing countries have no access to safe drinking water. For example, an estimate in 2016 put the figure at 300 million people without safe drinking water in rural Africa. [6] The Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF said in 2022 that 411 million people in Africa (3 out of 5 people) still lacked basic drinking water services in 2020. [7] : 2  The situation is worse for rural areas in Africa where only 22% had access to basic drinking water services in 2020 compared to urban areas with 59%. [7] : 2  Target 6.1 of Sustainable Development Goal 6 is: "By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all". [8]

Through its work, RWSN aims to address the challenges faced by rural communities, such as inadequate infrastructure and limited financial resources. Since around 2021, RWSN is also explicitly working on aspects that are related to the impacts of climate change, such as climate resilient water services in rural areas. [9]

Activities

The aim of RWSN is "to improve the quality of rural water services and their management". [10]

Knowledge sharing and networking

Key activities of RWSN include the development of technical guidelines and standards, the dissemination of research findings, and the promotion of innovative technologies and approaches. [4] RWSN participates in the creation of peer-reviewed guidelines and case studies which are hosted in the RWSN virtual library on their website.

A typical India Mark II hand pump in India. A typical Mark II hand pump in India.jpg
A typical India Mark II hand pump in India.

RWSN regularly runs activities around knowledge sharing and networking, such as online discussion groups and webinars in English, French and Spanish on topics relating to rural water supply and WASH (water supply, sanitation and hygiene). [4] For example, the World Bank and RWSN ran their first joint webinar series in 2012. [11] WHO and RWSN had a joint "Launch webinar for WHO guidelines and tools to enhance small water supplies" in February 2024. [12]

RWSN provides a platform for raising awareness around chronic failures in water supply systems. The platform also supports activities around research and drilling professionalisation and new service delivery models. [13] [14]

Every year at the World Water Week in Stockholm that is organised by Stockholm International Water Institute, RWSN is convener and co-convener of several sessions to advance the debates around rural water supply. [15]

International standard specifications for handpumps

When organisations specify handpumps in contracts, there are often questions around specifying the pipes and rods. [16] To help with this problem, RWSN has published international standard specifications for some handpumps, for example the India Mark II and III handpumps. These specifications have to be regularly updated and maintained, and RWSN facilitates this process. This can be done for example by leaning on international standards bodies, in particular ASTM and ISO. [16]

Organising global conferences

Every five years since 1992, RWSN has organised a global conference dedicated to rural water supply, called the RWSN Forum. So far, there have been seven RWSN Forums. All of them, except for one in India, took place in Sub-Saharan Africa:

Structure

Secretariat and members

The secretariat has been hosted from the start and until now by Skat Foundation in St. Gallen, Switzerland. [3] It coordinates and runs the network activities, in partnership with theme leaders and under the supervision and guidance of the executive steering committee.

Membership for individuals and organisations is free and not time-limited. RWSN has over 16,000 members in 168 countries (as of 2023) from government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), research institutions, and private companies. [28]

Themes

Local citizens bring their herds to drink at a newly constructed well site in Shant Abak, Kenya in 2008. The well can pump 25 gallons of water per minute, for local livestock. Defense.gov photo essay 080311-F-7577K-013.jpg
Local citizens bring their herds to drink at a newly constructed well site in Shant Abak, Kenya in 2008. The well can pump 25 gallons of water per minute, for local livestock.

There are currently six themes, each with one or several team leaders from various organisations. [29] Theme leaders are either volunteers or are paid by their employers to carry out RWSN networking, training and knowledge exchange activities. Theme leaders are very important to RWSN’s activities. [5] : 4  As of 2024, the themes of RWSN include: [29] Leave no-one behind (realisation of human rights to water and sanitation for the most marginalised people), Data for action, Multiple use water services (water for livelihoods as well as for households), Self-supply of water and sanitation, [30] Sustainable groundwater development, Sustainable services.

Executive steering committee

The network is governed by an executive steering committee. This committee consists of organisations that are "significant global actors in supporting rural water supply and that have demonstrated their commitment to RWSN activities". [31] The organisations that make up the steering committee have changed over time and currently (in 2023) consist of the following nine organisations: African Development Bank, BGR (Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources), Global Water Center, One for All Alliance (IRC, Water for Good, Water for People), Skat Foundation, UNICEF, WaterAid, Welthungerhilfe, World Bank.

As of March 2024 Lisa Mitchell and Benjamin Filskov from the Global Water Center, a US-based NGO founded in 2020, will serve on the Executive Committee of RWSN. [32] The two organisations share a vision of "a world where everyone has access to safely managed water". [32]

A statement by World Bank in 2012 explained how World Bank is related to RWSN: "The World Bank and WSP are executive partner organizations of RWSN" along with others. [11] There is ongoing cooperation between World Bank and RWSN. [33]

Affiliations and partnerships

RWSN has been a UN-Water Partner since 2020. [34] RWSN is also a strategic partner of UNICEF on providing guidance for water supply, sanitation and hygiene programmes on practical implementation of topics like Leave No-one Behind [35] and water well drilling professionalization. [36]

In 2021, RWSN became one of the implementing partners in the programme "Rural Evidence and Learning for Water (REAL-Water)" which is funded by USAID and led by Aquaya. [37] [38]

Since 2022 RWSN is in a partnership with Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). The aim is "to support networking and knowledge sharing within Latin America and South-South exchange with Africa and Asia". [3] This is part of a project called "Sustainable and Innovative Rural Water, Sanitation and Hygiene" (SIRWASH). [39] [40]

The African Water Facility (AWF) counts RWNS as one of its partners as well. [41] The AWF has a governing council with 13 members that are appointed by AMCOW, donors to the fund, the African Development Bank, the African Union and UN-Water/Africa. [42]

Funding sources

For many years, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) was providing core funding to RWSN. As of 2023 this is no longer the case and their support to RWSN is now only indirect and project based. SDC provided core funding during four phases: The first phase was 2012 to 2014 [43] followed by Phase 2 from 2015 to 2017, [44] Phase 3 from 2018-2020, [45] and Phase 4 from 2021 to 2022. [46]

During the period 2018-2020, the RWSN secretariat had income from 15 sources of partner contributions and project funding. The largest single contribution (30%) during that time was from the SDC. [4] The second biggest source of funding (25%) was from the UPGro programme ("Unlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the Poor"), followed by 14% from the ZH2O Drink and Donate program. [4] : 8 

Member organisations make "substantial annual financial contribution to the backbone functions of the network". [31] : 5  In 2020, financial and in-kind support to RWSN came for example from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), UNICEF, The United Kingdom DFID, NERC and ESRC through the UPGro programme and the REACH programme (with Oxford University), Skat Consulting Ltd and about a dozen others. [4] : 9 

In general, there is significant in-kind support of the network through its governance structures, such as the executive steering committee. [5] : 4  Many of the executive committee organisations also provide cash support. The secretariat complements its core funds with project based work. [5] : 4  One sellable service is that of being a knowledge broker. [5] : 5 

RWSN also collaborates with the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance. [47] For example, in 2020, RWSN had a project funded by WSSCC to run and improve the SuSanA Discussion Forum, a "vibrant online community within the sanitation sector". [48]

Impacts

A busy India Mark II pump in Uganda. Children often bear the responsibility for collecting water. Durability needs to be incorporated into pump design. UgandamarkII.jpg
A busy India Mark II pump in Uganda. Children often bear the responsibility for collecting water. Durability needs to be incorporated into pump design.

One of the achievements of RWSN is that it strengthens the skills of professionals in the rural water sector. [49] An independent evaluation of RWSN in 2017 found that: "The RWSN is a highly competent, advanced community-building network which connects people who would likely not have been connected before and disseminates valuable knowledge to its members, which can be applied to practice." [5] : 2  It also stated that "the RWSN has been described to be the prime network that supports scale up of rural water supply for practitioners". [5] : 3 

RWSN often collaborates on joint publications with large organisations such as the World Bank. For example, in 2019 there was a World Bank–Skat Foundation collaboration for the RWSN on the topic of "Innovations in rural water supply sustainability". [33] Another example is the collaboration of RWSN with the 2022 UN World Water Development Report "Groundwater: Making the invisible visible" where RWSN was a chapter lead agency for Chapter 4 on "Groundwater for human settlements". [50]

The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, one of the funders of RWSN, provided a snapshot of the work of RWSN as follows: "The Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) is the only global network to offer powerful, effective mechanisms to share expertise and collaborate with local and global partners to trial and scale up innovation and to raise the quality and professionalism in rural water supplies." [45]

The African Development Bank values the conferences (forums) that RWSN organises and stated at the RWSN forum in 2016: "the Rural Water Supply Network forum is a unique opportunity for global and regional players to exchange knowledge and identify practical solutions" [6]

Challenges

An independent evaluation in 2017 highlighted challenges with funding the network in the future (a common challenge for many networks): [5] : 4  "RWSN should continue looking to diversify its funding from a diverse range of sources, including donor, public and private funds and potentially in the future, from upgraded services". [5] : 10 

Specific and direct criticisms of the RWSN are not documented in the public domain. However, like many organizations involved in international development, RWSN is facing challenges with regards to innovation and sustainability of water supply interventions. [33] : 31  For example, the sustainability of handpump technologies or of community-led water supply initiatives is a continuous challenge.

History

The network was founded as the Handpump Technology Network (HTN) after The International Handpump Workshop in Kakamega, Kenya in 1992. [1] [2] [17] It was initially a working group for hand pump technology. HTN was renamed the Rural Water Supply Network in 2004. [3]

At the Fourth RWSN Forum in Durban in 2003 a decision was made that RWSN would focus its work on three key areas: self-supply, cost-effective boreholes and sustainable handpumps. [17]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sanitation</span> Public health conditions related to clean water and proper excreta and sewage disposal

Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage. Preventing human contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap. Sanitation systems aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop the transmission of disease, especially through the fecal–oral route. For example, diarrhea, a main cause of malnutrition and stunted growth in children, can be reduced through adequate sanitation. There are many other diseases which are easily transmitted in communities that have low levels of sanitation, such as ascariasis, cholera, hepatitis, polio, schistosomiasis, and trachoma, to name just a few.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Water Day</span> Annual United Nations observance

World Water Day is an annual United Nations (UN) observance day held on the 22nd of March that highlights the importance of fresh water. The day is used to advocate for the sustainable management of freshwater resources. The theme of each year focuses on topics relevant to clean water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), which is in line with the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 6. The UN World Water Development Report (WWDR) is released each year around World Water Day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hand pump</span> Type of manually operated pump

Hand pumps are manually operated pumps; they use human power and mechanical advantage to move fluids or air from one place to another. They are widely used in every country in the world for a variety of industrial, marine, irrigation and leisure activities. There are many different types of hand pump available, mainly operating on a piston, diaphragm or rotary vane principle with a check valve on the entry and exit ports to the chamber operating in opposing directions. Most hand pumps are either piston pumps or plunger pumps, and are positive displacement.

Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia is characterized by poor levels of access and service quality. More than 16 million people lack access to an at least basic water source and almost 33 million of the country's 275 million population has no access to at least basic sanitation. Only about 2% of people have access to sewerage in urban areas; this is one of the lowest in the world among middle-income countries. Water pollution is widespread on Bali and Java. Women in Jakarta report spending US$11 per month on boiling water, implying a significant burden for the poor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia</span>

Access to water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia is amongst the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa and the entire world. While access has increased substantially with funding from foreign aid, much still remains to be done. Some factors inhibiting the achievement of these goals are the limited capacity of water bureaus in the country's nine regions, two city administrations and water desks in the 770 districts of Ethiopia (woredas); insufficient cost recovery for proper operation and maintenance; and different policies and procedures used by various donors, notwithstanding the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Sanitation Alliance</span> Network of sustainable sanitation organizations

The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) is a loose network of organizations who are "working along the same lines towards achieving sustainable sanitation". It began its work in 2007, one year before the United Nations International Year of Sanitation in 2008. The intention of creating SuSanA was to have a joint label for the planned activities for 2008 and to align the various organizations for further initiatives.

Water supply and sanitation in Yemen is characterized by many challenges as well as some achievements. A key challenge is severe water scarcity, especially in the Highlands, prompting The Times of London to write "Yemen could become the first nation to run out of water". A second key challenge is a high level of poverty, making it very difficult to recover the costs of service provision. Access to water supply sanitation in Yemen is as low or even lower than that in many sub-Saharan African countries. Yemen is both the poorest country and the most water-scarce country in the Arab world. Third, the capacity of sector institutions to plan, build, operate and maintain infrastructure remains limited. Last but not least the security situation makes it even more difficult to improve or even maintain existing levels of service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda</span>

Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda is characterized by a clear government policy and significant donor support. In response to poor sustainability of rural water systems and poor service quality, in 2002 local government in the Northern Byumba Province contracted out service provision to the local private sector in a form of public–private partnership. Support for public-private partnerships became a government policy in 2004 and locally initiated public-private partnerships spread rapidly, covering 25% of rural water systems as of 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Water supply and sanitation in Mozambique</span>

Water supply and sanitation in Mozambique is characterized by low levels of access to at least basic water sources, low levels of access to at least basic sanitation and mostly poor service quality. In 2007 the government has defined a strategy for water supply and sanitation in rural areas, where 62% of the population lives. In urban areas, water is supplied by informal small-scale providers and by formal providers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania</span>

Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania is characterised by: decreasing access to at least basic water sources in the 2000s, steady access to some form of sanitation, intermittent water supply and generally low quality of service. Many utilities are barely able to cover their operation and maintenance costs through revenues due to low tariffs and poor efficiency. There are significant regional differences and the best performing utilities are Arusha and Tanga.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Water supply and sanitation in Burkina Faso</span>

Water supply and sanitation in Burkina Faso are characterized by high access to water supply in urban areas, while access to an at least basic water sources in rural areas – where three quarters of the population live – remains relatively low. An estimated one third of water facilities in rural areas are out of service because of a lack of maintenance. Access to at least basic sanitation lags significantly behind access to water supply.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa</span>

Although access to water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa has been steadily improving over the last two decades, the region still lags behind all other developing regions. Access to improved water supply had increased from 49% in 1990 to 68% in 2015, while access to improved sanitation had only risen from 28% to 31% in that same period. Sub-Saharan Africa did not meet the Millennium Development Goals of halving the share of the population without access to safe drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015. There still exists large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, and between the urban and rural areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WASH</span> Water, sanitation and hygiene services

WASH is a sector in development cooperation or within local governments that provides water, sanitation, and hygiene services to people. The main purposes of providing access to WASH services include achieving public health gains, implementing the human right to water and sanitation, reducing the burden of collecting drinking water for women, and improving education and health outcomes at schools and health facilities. Access to WASH services is an important component of water security. Universal, affordable, and sustainable access to WASH is a key issue within international development and is the focus of the first two targets of Sustainable Development Goal 6. Targets 6.1 and 6.2 aim for equitable and accessible water and sanitation for all. In 2017, it was estimated that 2.3 billion people live without basic sanitation facilities, and 844 million people live without access to safe and clean drinking water. The acronym WASH is used widely by non-governmental organizations and aid agencies in developing countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Water supply in Sierra Leone</span>

Water supply in Sierra Leone is characterized by limited access to safe drinking water. Despite efforts by the government and numerous non-governmental organizations, access has not much improved since the end of the Sierra Leone Civil War in 2002, stagnating at about 50% and even declining in rural areas. In the capital Freetown, taps often run dry. It is hoped that a new dam in Orugu, for which China committed financing in 2009, will alleviate water scarcity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria</span>

Responsibility of water supply in Nigeria is shared between three (3) levels of government – federal, state and local. The federal government is in charge of water resources management; state governments have the primary responsibility for urban water supply; and local governments together with communities are responsible for rural water supply. The responsibility for sanitation is not clearly defined.

The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) was a United Nations-hosted organization contributing to Sustainable Development Goal 6, Target 6.2 on sanitation and hygiene. It was established in 1990 and closed at the end of 2020. WSSCC advocated for improved sanitation and hygiene, with a focus on the needs of women, girls and people in vulnerable situations.

Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe is defined by many small scale successful programs but also by a general lack of improved water and sanitation systems for the majority of Zimbabwe. Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe faces significant challenges, marked by both successful localized efforts and widespread deficiencies in infrastructure. According to the 2019 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), conducted by UNICEF, disparities persist in access to clean drinking water and sanitation facilities. While overall access to improved drinking water sources increased to 77.1% in 2019 from 76.1% in 2014, significant gaps remain between urban and rural areas, as well as within urban centers. For instance, 97.3% of urban households have access to improved water sources compared to only 67.9% of rural households. Similarly, disparities exist across regions, with Harare boasting the highest access at 96.6%, contrasting sharply with 64.8% in Matabeleland South. Additionally, approximately 67.8% of households have access to improved, non-shared sanitation facilities, indicating ongoing challenges in this domain. Urban areas, in particular, grapple with chronic water shortages amid rising consumption demands. There are many factors which continue to determine the nature, for the foreseeable future, of water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe. Three major factors are the severely depressed state of the Zimbabwean economy, the willingness of foreign aid organizations to build and finance infrastructure projects, and the political stability of the Zimbabwean state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Failures of water supply and sanitation systems</span>

Failures of water supply and sanitation systems describe situations where water supply and sanitation systems have been put in place (for example by the government or by non-government organizations but have failed to meet the expected outcomes. Often this is due to poor planning, lack of choice of appropriate technology depending upon the context, insufficient stakeholder involvement at the various stages of the project and lack of maintenance. While Hygiene Behavior Change is important in achieving the health benefits of improved WASH systems, the achievement of sustainability of WASH infrastructure depends on creation of demand for sanitation services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Self-supply of water and sanitation</span> Incremental improvements to water and sanitation services, mainly financed by the user

Self-supply of water and sanitation refers to an approach of incremental improvements to water and sanitation services, which are mainly financed by the user. People around the world have been using this approach over centuries to incrementally upgrade their water and sanitation services. The approach does not refer to a specific technology or type of water source or sanitation service although it does have to be feasible to use and construct at a low cost and mostly using tools locally available. The approach is rather about an incremental improvement of these services. It is a market-based approach and commonly does not involve product subsidies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">African Ministers Council on Water</span> Ministers Council on water and sanitation in Africa

The African Ministers' Council on Water (AMCOW) (French: Conseil des Ministres Africains Chargés de L'eau), is considered by the African Union as the support mechanism for its Specialised Technical Committee (STC) to drive achievement in the water and sanitation sectors. It is a regional development network of 55 African countries that advances socioeconomic development and the abolition of poverty through effective cooperation, management of water supply services, and provision of the continent's water resources to its members.

References

  1. 1 2 3 UNDP-World Bank (1992) The International Handpump Workshop Kakamega, Kenya, 1992. Papers, proceedings and recommendations, WSP, World Bank, Washington DC, USA
  2. 1 2 Skat (1993) Handpump Technology Network (HTN) and Interagency Peer Group (IAG). Project Document, HTN, Skat, St. Gallen, Switzerland
  3. 1 2 3 4 "History - Rural Water Supply Network". Rural Water Supply Network. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RWSN (2021). "RWSN 2018-2020 3-Year Overview, visual executive summary". Rural Water Supply Network. Retrieved 30 Aug 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 PEMconsult (2017) The 2017 Rural Water Supply Network evaluation. L'évaluation du Rural Water Supply Network de 2017
  6. 1 2 AfDB (2016) Major rural water supply conference underway in Abidjan with AfDB’s support, African Development Bank
  7. 1 2 JMP (2022) Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in Africa 2000-2020: Five years into the SDGs. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO), 2022.
  8. ↑ United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)
  9. ↑ Salzmann, R. (2021) Climate resilient rural WASH: RWSN's contribution & next steps. Working Paper Brief, RWSN, Skat Foundation, St. Gallen, Switzerland
  10. ↑ "Vision and Mission - Rural Water Supply Network". rural-water-supply.net. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  11. 1 2 "Sharing Global Knowledge on Sustainable Rural Water Supply". World Bank. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
  12. ↑ "Launch webinar for WHO guidelines and tools to enhance small water supplies". www.who.int. 15 February 2024. Retrieved 2024-07-01.
  13. ↑ Purvis, Katherine (22 March 2016). "How do you solve a problem like a broken water pump?". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-06-26.
  14. ↑ Carter, Richard C. (2021-05-15). Rural Community Water Supply. PRACTICAL ACTION PUBLISHING. ISBN   978-1-78853-168-9.
  15. ↑ RWSN Secretariat (2023). "RWSN at the World Water Week 2023, 20 –24 August". Rural Water Supply Network - blog. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  16. 1 2 Danert, K., Bisoborwa, P. Kyeyune, E., Mutiibwa, R. and Nakayima, L. (2024) ‘Stop the Rot: Documentation of Experiences and Lessons Learnt in the prevention of Rapid Handpump Corrosion in Uganda’. Ask for Water GmbH, Ministry of Water and Environment, Skat Foundation and RWSN, St Gallen, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.13722.66243
  17. 1 2 3 Baumann, Erich; Carter, Richard (2006). "The Rural Water Supply Network". Waterlines. 25 (1): 2–3. doi:10.3362/0262-8104.2006.030. ISSN   1756-3488.
  18. ↑ Wishart, G. (1997) 2nd HTN Workshop (Malawi, 1997). Partnerships, Roles and Responsibilities, HTN (RWSN), Skat Foundation, St. Gallen, Switzerland
  19. ↑ Wishart, G. (2000) 3rd HTN International Workshop, India - Proceedings. Government and Civil Society Partnership, Skat, RWSN (incl. HTN), St Gallen, Switzerland
  20. ↑ JONES, J. (2003) Proceedings of the 4th International HTN Forum 2003. Strengthening the Rural Water Supply Network, RWSN (incl. HTN), St Gallen, Switzerland
  21. ↑ RWSN (2006) Proceedings of the 5th RWSN Forum 2006 Ghana. Scaling up Local Entrepreneurship in Rural Water Supply to meet the MDGs, Skat Foundation, MWRWH, RWSN, St Gallen, Switzerland
  22. ↑ Furey, S. G. and Danert, K. (2012) 6th RWSN Forum - Event Report. Rural Water Supply in the 21st Century: Myths of the Past, Visions for the Future, RWSN, St Gallen, Switzerland
  23. ↑ Hierro, Lola (5 Dec 2016). "Ideas e inventos para que, sea donde sea, tengamos agua". El País (in Spanish). ISSN   1134-6582 . Retrieved 2021-08-30.
  24. ↑ Hierro, Lola (1 Dec 2016). "13 consejos de nuestros ancestros para aprovechar mejor el agua". El País (in Spanish). ISSN   1134-6582 . Retrieved 2021-08-30.
  25. ↑ Esipisu, Isaiah (1 Dec 2016). "WATER FINANCING: Only countries with professional rural water projects will benefit from AfDB". www.pamacc.org. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
  26. ↑ news.abidjan.net (30 Nov 2016). "La Côte d'Ivoire, premier pays africain francophone à accueillir un Forum international sur l'accès à l'eau potable (in French)" . Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  27. ↑ ADB (2016) RWSSI Supports RWSN Forum in RWSSI Newsletter - December 2016
  28. ↑ "RWSN (2024) RWSN Annual Report 2023". rural-water-supply.net. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-09.
  29. 1 2 RWSN (2020). "RWSN Strategy 2018-2023. La stratégie RWSN 2018-2023, RWSN, Skat Foundation, St. Gallen, Switzerland". Rural Water Supply Network. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  30. ↑ André Olschewski (2016) Review of Self-supply and its support services in African countries With findings from Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi. UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office (ESARO) and Skat Foundation.
  31. 1 2 RWSN (2023) RWSN Governance Protocol 2023-2025. RWSN library
  32. 1 2 Communications Team (Mar 25, 2024). "Global Water Center on Executive Committee of Rural Water Supply Network". Global Water Center. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  33. 1 2 3 World Bank and Skat Foundation (2019) Innovations in rural water supply sustainability
  34. ↑ "Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN)". UN-Water. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  35. ↑ UNICEF (2021). "Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: A guidance note for leaving no one behind". www.unicef.org. p. 63.
  36. ↑ Danert K., Gesti Canuto J. (2016) Professional Water Well Drilling. A UNICEF Guidance Note, Unicef, Skat Foundation
  37. ↑ "Rural Evidence and Learning for Water (project page)". Globalwaters.org (USAID). Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  38. ↑ "Aquaya Awarded $18.9 Million USAID Cooperative Agreement". Aquaya. 14 Sep 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  39. ↑ "Sustainable and Innovative Rural Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (SIRWASH) - Phase 1". SDC project database. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  40. ↑ Various (2023) SIRWASH Webinar Series. Webinar series of the SIRWASH Programme (Sustainable and Innovative Rural Water, Sanitation and Hygiene)
  41. ↑ "African Water Facility Engages with Partners and Stakeholders at Stockholm World Water Week". African Water Facility. September 15, 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  42. ↑ "African Water Facility - About us". African Water Facility. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  43. ↑ "Eau et assainissement Recherche pour l'action (in French), 2012-2013". Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) - www.eda.admin.ch. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  44. ↑ "Research for Action (2015-2017)". Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) - www.eda.admin.ch. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  45. 1 2 "Rural Water Supply Network (Core contribution) - 2018-2020". Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) - www.eda.admin.ch. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  46. ↑ "Rural Water Supply Network (Core contribution) - 2021 to 2022". Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) - www.eda.admin.ch. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  47. ↑ SuSanA (2017). Communications Plan of SuSanA. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA), Eschborn, Germany
  48. ↑ Furey, S. G. (2021). SuSanA Discussion Forum Improvements and Innovation in 2020 - End of Project Report to WSSCC. WSSCC, RWSN, Skat Foundation and SuSanA
  49. ↑ Smits, Stef (3 December 2016). "Progress in going from Abidjan to Abidjan. We cannot do it alone. Reflections from the 7th Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) Forum". IRC blog (www.ircwash.org). Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  50. ↑ United Nations, The United Nations World Water Development Report 2022: Groundwater: Making the invisible visible. UNESCO, Paris
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.