Rwandese National Union

Last updated
Rwandese National Union
Union nationale rwandaise
AbbreviationUNAR
Founder François Rukeba
Founded3 September 1959 (1959-09-03)
DissolvedDecember 1963
Headquarters Nyamirambo
Ideology Conservatism
Monarchism

The Rwandese National Union (French : Union nationale rwandaise, UNAR) was a conservative, pro-monarchy political party in Rwanda.

History

Union Nationale Rwandaise (Rwandese National Union), or UNAR, was a conservative Rwandan political party. [1] Founded on 3 September 1959, [2] by François Rukeba, and strongly supported by King Kigeri V. At the time, Rwanda was still under Belgian administration, and UNAR was the leading monarchist party. It called for immediate independence under a hereditary Tutsi constitutional monarchy.[ citation needed ] Michel Rwagasana became its secretary general. [3]

The party boycotted the 1960 local elections, [4] but participated in the 1961 parliamentary elections, receiving 17% of the vote, winning 7 of the 44 seats in the Legislative Assembly. It joined a coalition government with the victorious Parmehutu, and was given the cabinet posts responsible for cattle and public health. [5]

On 21 December 1963 Rwandan Tutsi exiles from Burundi attacked a military camp in Gako, Bugesera. They then advanced on Kigali before being stopped and defeated by the Rwandan National Guard. [6] The Rwandan regime subsequently moved to purge moderate Hutu politicians and UNAR members. [7] Pierre Claver Karyabwite, vice president of the UNAR youth wing, was tipped off by a local official that UNAR's leadership was to be executed. He drove to Nyamirambo, where UNAR was headquartered and where Rwagasana and party president Joseph Rutsindintwarane lived to warn them of the danger. According to Karyabwite, the two refused to flee. [8] On 23 December the UNAR leaders and moderates were detained and taken to Ruhengeri. Over the course of the night they were tortured and early the following morning they were brought to Nyamagumba hill and executed under the supervision of a Belgian officer, Major Turpin. [7] After the purge, UNAR effectively ceased to exist. Elements of the armed wing continued to carry out attacks until 1967. [9]

In 1965 the country became a one-party state under Parmehutu. [10]

Related Research Articles

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Ubuhake is the name given to the social order in Rwanda and Burundi from approximately the 15th century to 1958. It has been frequently compared to European feudalism. Based on cattle distribution, it was, however, a much smaller system than the one of uburetwa, which affected a much larger segment of the population and was based on land distribution. The Tutsi monarchy used the land distribution system of uburetwa to centralise control of the lands in most of Rwanda in a system called igikingi. Only the northwest of Rwanda, where Hutu land owners refused to submit, were not part of igikingi.

The Banyarwanda are the cultural and linguistic group of people who inhabit mainly Rwanda. Within the Banyarwanda there are three subgroups: Hutu, Tutsi and Batwa. Some Banyarwanda live in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, having migrated there from neighbouring Rwanda in waves. In the Congo, they live in the provinces of North Kivu and South Kivu. There are also 1 million Banyarwanda in Uganda, where they live in the west of the country; Umutara and Kitara are the centres of their pastoral and agricultural areas.

Ethnic groups in Rwanda

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The Rwandan Revolution, also known as the Hutu Revolution, Social Revolution or Wind of Destruction, was a period of ethnic violence in Rwanda from 1959 to 1961 between the Hutu and the Tutsi, two of the three ethnic groups in Rwanda. The revolution saw the country transition from a Belgian colony with a Tutsi monarchy to an independent Hutu-dominated republic.

1965 Burundian coup détat attempt

On 18–19 October 1965, a group of ethnic Hutu officers from the Burundian military attempted to overthrow Burundi's government in a coup d'état. The rebels were angry about the apparent favouring of ethnic Tutsi minority by Burundi's monarchy after a period of escalating ethnic tension following national independence from Belgium in 1962. Although the Prime Minister was shot and wounded, the coup failed and soon provoked a backlash against Hutu in which thousands of people, including the participants in the coup, were killed. The coup also facilitated a militant Tutsi backlash against the moderate Tutsi monarchy resulting in two further coups which culminated in the abolition of Burundi's historic monarchy in November 1966 and the rise of Michel Micombero as dictator.

The Bugesera invasion, also known as the Bloody Christmas, was a military attack which was conducted against Rwanda by Inyenzi rebels who aimed to overthrow the government in December 1963. The Inyenzi were a collection of ethnically Tutsi exiles who were affiliated with the Rwandan political party Union Nationale Rwandaise (UNAR), which had supported Rwanda's deposed Tutsi monarchy. The Inyenzi opposed Rwanda's transformation upon independence from Belgium into a state run by the ethnic Hutu majority through the Parti du Mouvement de l'Emancipation Hutu (PARMEHUTU), an anti-Tutsi political party led by President Grégoire Kayibanda. In late 1963 Inyenzi leaders decided to launch an invasion of Rwanda from their bases in neighbouring countries to overthrow Kayibanda. While an attempted assault in November was stopped by the government of Burundi, early in the morning on 21 December 1963 several hundred Inyenzi crossed the Burundian border and captured the Rwandan military in camp in Gako, Bugesera. Bolstered with seized arms and recruited locals, the Iyenzi—numbering between 1,000–7,000—marched on the Rwandan capital, Kigali. They were stopped twelve miles south of the city at Kanzenze Bridge along the Nyabarongo River by multiple units of the Garde Nationale Rwandaise (GNR). The GNR routed the rebels with their superior firepower, and in subsequent days repelled further Inyenzi attacks launched from the Republic of the Congo and Uganda.

Michel Rwagasana was a Rwandan politician who served as secretary general of the Union Nationale Rwandaise (UNAR) and represented Nyanza in the Rwandan Legislative Assembly from 1961 to 1963. Born to Hutu and Tutsi parents in Ruanda-Urundi, Rwagasana worked for the colonial administration and advised King Mutara III Rudahigwa of Ruanda before cofounding UNAR, a Tutsi-dominated monarchist political party. UNAR lost out to the majority party, Parmehutu led by Rwagasana's relative Grégoire Kayibanda, but supported the integration of UNAR into a coalition government as the country became independent as the Republic of Rwanda. He was killed in a purge in 1963, and is currently recognized by the Rwandan government as a national hero.

François Rukeba was a Rwandan politician and rebel leader.

References

  1. Gérard Prunier (1995). The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. C. Hurst & Co. p. 47.
  2. Preben Kaarsholm, ed. (2006). Violence, political culture & development in Africa. James Currey Publishers. p. 81, n. 33. ISBN   0-85255-894-5.
  3. Mutavu, Viola (31 January 2017). "Ibigwi byihariye by'Intwari Rwagasana Michel umaze imyaka 54 atabarutse". Igihe (in Kinyarwanda). Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  4. Mahmood Mamdani (2014) When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton University Press, p127
  5. Mamdani, p128
  6. Kimonyo, Jean-Paul (24 March 2014). "'Qui est génocide?' or 'Who is genocide?'". The New Times. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  7. 1 2 Gasana, Vincent (26 December 2018). "The massacre of innocents, Rwanda 1963". The New Times. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  8. Kimenyi, Felly (31 January 2013). "The life and times of Michel Rwagasana". The New Times. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  9. Uriel Rosenthal; Arjen Boin; Louise K. Comfort, eds. (2001). MANAGING CRISES. Charles C. Thomas Publishers. p. 92.
  10. History Embassy of Rwanda to the United Kingdom