| SUMO2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aliases | SUMO2 , HSMT3, SMT3B, SMT3H2, SUMO3, Smt3A, small ubiquitin-like modifier 2, small ubiquitin like modifier 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 603042 MGI: 2158813 HomoloGene: 87858 GeneCards: SUMO2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUMO2 gene. [5]
This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) protein family. It is a ubiquitin-like protein and functions in a manner similar to ubiquitin in that it is bound to target proteins as part of a post-translational modification system. However, unlike ubiquitin, which is primarily associated with targeting proteins for proteasomal degradation, SUMO2 is involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. It is not active until the last two amino acids of the carboxy-terminus have been cleaved off. Numerous pseudogenes have been reported for this gene. Alternate transcriptional splice variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized. [6]
SUMO2 has been shown to interact with TRIM63 [7] and CFAP298. [8]
Deep hypothermia protects the brain from ischemic injury, which is why it's employed for major cardiovascular procedures that necessitate cardiopulmonary bypass and a period of circulatory arrest. With an experiment [9] conducted to moderate hypothermia, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO1-3) conjugation was significantly activated in the brain. The effects of hypothermia on SUMO conjugation were evaluated in this experiment [9] using Western blot and immunohistochemistry in animals that were either normothermic (37 °C) or deep to moderate (18 °C, 24 °C, 30 °C) hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. In these cells, even 30 °C hypothermia was enough to significantly boost SUMO2/3-conjugated protein levels and nucleus accumulation. Deep hypothermia caused the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 to translocate to the nucleus, implying that the increase in nuclear levels of SUMO2/3-conjugated proteins seen in hypothermic animals' brains is an active process. Deep hypothermia caused only a small increase in the amounts of SUMO2/3-conjugated proteins in primary neuronal cells. This shows that neurons in vivo have a greater capacity to activate this endogenous possibly neuroprotective mechanism when exposed to hypothermia than neurons in vitro. Identifying proteins that are SUMO2/3 conjugated during hypothermia could aid in the development of new preventive and therapeutic therapies to make neurons more resistant to a transient blood supply interruption.
Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) also known as E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase (E6AP) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UBE3A gene. This enzyme is involved in targeting proteins for degradation within cells.
In molecular biology, SUMOproteins are a family of small proteins that are covalently attached to and detached from other proteins in cells to modify their function. This process is called SUMOylation. SUMOylation is a post-translational modification involved in various cellular processes, such as nuclear-cytosolic transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, protein stability, response to stress, and progression through the cell cycle.
Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUMO1 gene.
SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UBE2I gene. It is also sometimes referred to as "ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2I" or "ubiquitin carrier protein 9", even though these names do not accurately describe its function.
NEDD8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NEDD8 gene. This ubiquitin-like (UBL) protein becomes covalently conjugated to a limited number of cellular proteins, in a process called NEDDylation similar to ubiquitination. Human NEDD8 shares 60% amino acid sequence identity to ubiquitin. The primary known substrates of NEDD8 modification are the cullin subunits of cullin-based E3 ubiquitin ligases, which are active only when NEDDylated. Their NEDDylation is critical for the recruitment of E2 to the ligase complex, thus facilitating ubiquitin conjugation. NEDD8 modification has therefore been implicated in cell cycle progression and cytoskeletal regulation.
E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIAS2 gene.
Ran GTPase-activating protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RANGAP1 gene.
Small ubiquitin-related modifier 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUMO3 gene.
CDC34 is a gene that in humans encodes the protein Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 R1. This protein is a member of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family, which catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins.
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2D2 gene.
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2D3 gene.
SUMO-activating enzyme subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SAE1 gene.
NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 catalytic subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBA3 gene.
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 E3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2E3 gene.
NEDD8 ultimate buster 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUB1 gene.
Sentrin-specific protease 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SENP1 gene.
Sentrin-specific protease 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SENP6 gene.
Sentrin-specific protease 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SENP2 gene.
NEDD8-conjugating enzyme Ubc12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2M gene.
Ubiquitin-like 1-activating enzyme E1B (UBLE1B) also known as SUMO-activating enzyme subunit 2 (SAE2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UBA2 gene.
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