| SYNPO2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aliases | SYNPO2 , synaptopodin 2, SYISL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | MGI: 2153070 HomoloGene: 15400 GeneCards: SYNPO2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Wikidata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Myopodin protein, also called Synaptopodin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYNPO2 gene. [5] [6] [7] Myopodin is expressed in cardiac, smooth muscle and skeletal muscle, and localizes to Z-disc structures.
Myopodin is a 117.4 kDa protein composed of 1093 amino acids, [8] although four alternatively-spliced isoforms have been described. [9] Myopodin contains one PPXY motif, multiple PXXP motifs, and two potential nuclear localization sequences (one N-terminal and one C-terminal). [5] PPXY motifs have been shown to mediate interactions, and PXXP motifs represent potential sites of interaction for SH3 domain-containing proteins. Myopodin contains a novel actin binding site (between amino acids 410 and 563) in the center of the protein. [5]
During myotube differentiation, myopodin interacts with stress fibers prior to co-localizing with alpha actinin-2 at Z-discs in mature striated muscle cells. [5] Myopodin has been shown to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm in myoblasts and myotubes in response to stress; its export from the nucleus is sensitive to lemtomycin B. [5] The nuclear localization of myopodin is sensitive to Importin 13, which directly binds myopodin and facilitates its translocation. [6] Importin binding and nuclear import of myopodin appears to be mediated by serine/threonine phosphorylation-dependent binding of myopodin to 14-3-3 beta [10] Myopodin appears to regulate compartmentalized, intracellular signal transduction between the Z-disc and nucleus in cardiac muscle cells, by forming a Z-disc signaling complex with alpha actinin-2, calcineurin, CaMKII, muscle-specific A-kinase anchoring protein, and myomegalin. [11] Specifically, phosphorylation by protein kinase A or CaMKII, and dephosphorylation by calcineurin facilitates the binding or release, respectively, of 14-3-3-beta, and the corresponding nuclear or cytoplasmic localization, respectively, of myopodin. [11]
Myopodin interacts with:
Alpha-actinin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTN1 gene.
Alpha-actinin-2 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ACTN2 gene. This gene encodes an alpha-actinin isoform that is expressed in both skeletal and cardiac muscles and functions to anchor myofibrillar actin thin filaments and titin to Z-discs.
Alpha-actinin-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTN4 gene.
Signal transducing adapter molecule 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAM2 gene.
LIM domain kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LIMK2 gene.
ArgBP2 protein, also referred to as Sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SORBS2 gene. ArgBP2 belongs to the a small family of adaptor proteins having sorbin homology (SOHO) domains. ArgBP2 is highly abundant in cardiac muscle cells at sarcomeric Z-disc structures, and is expressed in other cells at actin stress fibers and the nucleus.
MARCKS-related protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MARCKSL1 gene.
Synaptopodin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYNPO gene.
Spermatid perinuclear RNA-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STRBP gene.
Actin-binding LIM protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABLIM3 gene.
Afadin- and alpha-actinin-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSX2IP gene. It has been shown that it functions together with WDR8 in centrosome maturation, ensuring proper spindle length and orientation. The SSX2IP-WDR8 complex additionally promotes ciliary vesicle docking during ciliogenesis.
Nebulin-related-anchoring protein(N-RAP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRAP gene. N-RAP is a muscle-specific isoform belonging to the nebulin family of proteins. This family is composed of 5 members: N-RAP, nebulin, nebulette, LASP-1 and LASP-2. N-RAP is involved in both myofibrillar myogenesis during development and cell-cell connections in mature muscle.
Cysteine and glycine-rich protein 3 also known as cardiac LIM protein (CLP) or muscle LIM protein (MLP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSRP3 gene.
Synaptotagmin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYT3 gene.
Zinc finger protein 43 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF43 gene.
Beta-taxilin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TXLNB gene.
CTTNBP2 N-terminal-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTTNBP2NL gene. It is a substrate for phosphorylation.
Myopalladin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYPN gene. Myopalladin is a muscle protein responsible for tethering proteins at the Z-disc and for communicating between the sarcomere and the nucleus in cardiac and skeletal muscle
RNA-binding protein MEX3B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MEX3B gene.
Leiomodin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LMOD3 gene. Leiomodin-3 is especially present at the pointed end of muscle thin filaments.
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