Room decorated by Leonardo da Vinci in the Castello Sforzesco, Milan
Sala delle Asse
The Sala delle Asse (In English: 'room of the wooden planks'), is a large room in the Castello Sforzesco in Milan, the location of a painting in tempera on plaster by Leonardo da Vinci, dating from about 1498.[1] Its walls and vaulted ceiling are decorated with "intertwining plants with fruits and monochromes of roots and rocks" and a canopy created by sixteen trees.
The walls and ceiling are painted with a trompe l’oeil scheme depicting trunks, leaves, fruits, and knots, as if it was in the open air and not within a castle.[2] Art historian Rocky Ruggiero describes the decoration of the square, fifteen-by-fifteen-meters room as creating the effect of a natural pergola as an architectural feature.[3] Ruggiero suggests that Leonardo drew upon all of his scientific research into natural systems as he painted the masterful illusion that resembles a grove of mulberry trees.
History
The room was decorated in 1498, as testified by a letter to the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, nicknamed “il Moro” ("the moor”), that is dated April 21, 1498. In the letter Gualtiero Bascapè, the duke’s chancellor, states “…Magistro Leonardo promises to finish it by September”.[4] On the 23rd, he wrote that “the large chamber is free from the boards”.[5][6]
The current name of the room is incongruous. Some experts state that the name was used prior to the painting by Leonardo. The walls had been covered with wooden planks (in Italian, “asse” means planks), and hence, the hall of the planks had been the name traditionally used to identify the room.[7] Other experts say that this name was a misreading of the letter; with his words, the chancellor was stating a fact (the getting rid of the planks), not giving the name of the room.[citation needed]
Immediately after this letter, in 1499, Milan was taken over by the French army led by king Louis XII, and Ludovico Sforza fled. Over the centuries, several foreign dominations (Spanish, Austrians, and others) followed. The Sforza Castle was used for military purposes: the walls of the room were painted over in white and memory of the painting was lost.[citation needed]
When Italy was unified (1861) the castle was in full decay and people discussed tearing it down. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, architect Luca Beltrami implemented a plan for restoring the castle, as it can be seen today.[8][9][10][11] Within the restoration, in 1893, some traces of the original paint were detected below the white surface covering the room. Beltrami found the proper financing (mostly from private sources) and selected Ernesto Rusca for a restoration of Sala delle Asse.[12]
Remains of the 1902 restoration (compare to the 1950s restoration that diminished colors)
In 1902, visitors could see the result of this restoration: a wonderful depiction of trunks on the walls and a canopy of branches and leaves on the ceiling.[13][pageneeded][14][pageneeded] Colors were bright. Immediately critics noted that the “style” did not resemble what they thought was Leonardo's "typical" style of painting. In addition, the lack of photographic documentation of the room's situation during the restoration raised suspicions.[citation needed]
In the 1950s, partially to appease the critics, a second restoration was conducted.[15] Basically, colors were toned down and the room took a more “antique” flavor, which can be seen today.
In 2012, a new restoration started.[16] The main goal was to block deterioration by humidity and other factors. The scientific goal was to investigate the decoration further, uncovering as much as possible of the original work by Leonardo.
This restoration was ongoing in December 2018 and some important results already had been achieved, including the rediscovery of beautiful black drawings (called “monochrome”) on the lower parts of the walls and as preliminary sketches.[citation needed]
The decoration of Sala Delle Asse
Pietro Marani (member of the scientific committee for the current restoration) said about the room: “one is amazed by its spectacular vaulted ceiling, decorated with branches and knots all tangled together: a long rope, weaving together all these branches, is entwined with vegetal elements…”. According to another member of the scientific committee for the current restoration, Maria Teresa Fiorio, “a visitor feels a strong emotion in front of this magnificent example of painted wall decoration by da Vinci.”[citation needed]
The volta of Sala delle Asse after the 1950s restoration
What the visitor can see today is mainly due to the first restoration, coordinated by Architect Beltrami, at the beginning of the twentieth century. That restoration left the room fully decorated in the vault, with strong trunks on the lateral walls, interrupted by wooden panels. The bright colors used by the restorer, Ernesto Rusca, puzzled many leading experts of the time, who were used to the fading colors of the Last Supper. Traces of this restoration can still be seen in a few spots on the vault.[citation needed]
Visitors today see much more somber colors, the result of the second restoration performed by Ottemi della Rotta in the 1950s, when the bright colors of the first restoration that did not seem to fit what then was thought to be Leonardo da Vinci's style were muted. Experts of the scientific committee still have conflicting opinions about this subject. Wooden panels were still left on the lateral walls.[citation needed]
The greatest part of the decoration on the vault is represented by branches, leaves, and berries. The branches and the leaves create the illusion of one being in an open space, not in a room of the castle. Besides providing charming bright spots of color, the red berries probably are an allusion to the Duke of Milan, nicknamed “il Moro”, because in the local dialect both then and today, those mulberries are called “Moroni”.[citation needed]
Ropes and knots are interwoven with the branches. According to Francesca Tasso, vice president of the scientific committee, “ropes twisting into knots, some of which are extremely complex, constitute a recurring theme in Leonardo da Vinci’s work, during the two decades he spent in Milan”.[citation needed]
After the first restoration, the sturdy brown trunks were the departing point for the branches and wooden headboards, with seats for visitors, hid the lower parts of these trunks.[17]
Current restoration works on Leonardo's monochrome
During the restoration in the 1950s, preparatory drawings for the original painting, executed in black over white paint were uncovered. That is a technique now known to be a characteristic of Leonardo. Beltrami had considered these drawings as additions made earlier and he covered them.[citation needed]
One of the merits of the current restoration is the uncovering of many of these drawings, called “monochrome” by the experts.[18][19][20] Some of them show the roots of the trees penetrating the side walls and breaking them, with a decorative scheme reminiscent of the decoration of the Palazzo del Te, Mantua. Even more surprising, some other drawings suggest a different solution for the trunks. Cecilia Frosinini, from Opificio delle Pietre dure and member of the scientific committee, says that they suggest “the creation of thin, slanting trunks, springing from the roots and then joining the decoration on the ceiling”.[citation needed]
Current restoration
A new restoration of Sala delle Asse was started in 2012 and was ongoing as of 2022.[21][22]
The immediate goal was to stop the evident deterioration. In this case, several factors have been identified: humidity from the building, microclimatic changes due to negative interaction (chemical binding) between the substances used for the original painting and the materials used for the various restorations, and accumulation of filth (since artifacts such as this can't be cleaned regularly as in a domestic house).[23]
The long-term goal is to provide a valid “aesthetic restoration”. First of all, painted surfaces must be cleaned and stabilized. Then the problem of “peeling off” layers due to previous restorations and integrating missing spots with new painting (using modern materials, such as watercolor, for example) must be faced. There are different opinions about several issues: should previous painting layers (due to restoration) be totally removed? How much new painting is allowed? Too little, will leave the room in an aesthetically unpleasant state, too much will be somehow a “false”. The scientific committee (see below) is debating the issues, guiding and supervising operations.
Cecilia Frosinini, from “Opificio delle pietre dure”, says "...modern restoration must be approached with great humility. It is necessary to appreciate both the original work of the author, and the work of the various restoration experts who followed.” [citation needed]
The restoration of the “monochrome” is a different story.[18][19][20] It was not affected by previous restorations: it was not considered worthwhile and it was covered with wooden planks.[citation needed]
Activities
Technicians at work using laser scraping techniques in the sala delle asse
Various activities have been performed since 2012,
Archive digging: relevant documentation has been brought to light or put in the proper perspective. The material includes original letters (from the time of the original painting of the room), to historical documentation about the castle, and also about the two previous restorations.[24][25]
Architectural historical analysis: investigating all the historical events leading to the current situation of the room. Several alterations of the past openings in the room were detected and properly framed within the history of the castle.
Technical diagnostics: several modern diagnostic techniques have been used.
Thermography (detecting differences in temperature on the walls) was used to identify alteration in the building of the rooms (since different materials have different temperatures).
Laser beams were used to build a precise 3-D model of the room.
UVfluorescence was used to detect various layers of painting. Ultraviolet light, in fact, can be used to detect the different “organic binders” of paint, i.e. the organic substances (e.g. eggs) used to keep the colors stable. These binders were different from the time of Leonardo, to later periods, and to the previous restorations.
UV fluorescence on the monochrome
Spectroscopy (in the Infra-Red range) has been used to detect the various “inorganic binders” used for painting, at various times.
Artistic analysis: A careful analysis of various documents and results from diagnostics, has allowed better understanding of the various events and actions that have brought the castle (in general) and Sala delle Asse (specifically) to the current situation.
Restoring drawings and paintings
Careful “peeling off” of layers has allowed uncovering of older layers. This has been especially relevant for bringing to light the monochrome,[18][19] currently considered the oldest layer of decoration in the room. It is likely that the drawings were created by Leonardo while preparing for the painting.[citation needed]
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology. Leonardo is widely regarded to have been a genius who epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal, and his collective works comprise a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary by 23 years Michelangelo Buonarroti.
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Beatrice d'Este was Duchess of Bari and Milan by marriage to Ludovico Sforza. She was one of the most important personalities of the time and, despite her short life, she was a major player in Italian politics. A woman of culture, an important patron, a leader in fashion: alongside her illustrious husband she made Milan one of the greatest capitals of the European Renaissance. With her own determination and bellicose nature, she was the soul of the Milanese resistance against the enemy French during the first of the Italian Wars, when her intervention was able to repel the threats of the Duke of Orléans, who was on the verge of conquering Milan.
BernardoZenale was an Italian painter and architect.
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References
↑ Maria Teresa Fiorio (2005). "Tutto mi piace": Leonardo e il castello. pp.163–190. OCLC887330367.
↑ Costa, Patrizia (2006). The Sala delle Asse in the Sforza Castle in Milan. OCLC670255517.
↑ Beltrami, Luca (1919). Documenti e memorie riguardanti la vita e le opere di Leonardo da Vinci, in ordine cronologico a cura di Luca Beltrami. Fratelli Treves. OCLC458406884.
↑ Beltrami, Luca (1902). Leonardo da Vinci e la sala delle "Asse" nel Castello di Milano. OCLC636838395.
↑ Luca Beltrami (1894). Il Castello di Milano '[Castrvm. Portae. Jovis]' so̲tto il Dominio dei Visconti e degli Sforza MCCCLXVIII – MDXXXV con 178 incisioni e 5 tavole. V. Hoepli. OCLC252280571.
↑ Beltrami, Luca (1885). Il Castello di Milano sotto il dominio degli Sforza, 1450–1535. OCLC896626198.
↑ "Teca Digitale". bibdig.museogalileo.it. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
1 2 3 Michela Palazzo, Studi sul monocromo nella Sala delle Asse e nuove scoperte sull’impostazione compositiva della decorazione di Leonardo da Vinci, in Leonardo da Vinci. Metodi e tecniche per la costruzione della conoscenza, a cura di Pietro C. Marani e Rodolfo Maffeis, Busto Arsizio 2016, pp. 123–132
1 2 3 Michela Palazzo e Francesca Tasso (a cura di), La sala delle Asse del Castello Sforzesco. Leonardo da Vinci. La diagnostica e il restauro del Monocromo, Cinisello Balsamo 2017
1 2 Francesca Tasso, Lavori in corso: il restauro del monocromo leonardesco al Castello Sforzesco, in Leonardo da Vinci. Metodi e tecniche per la costruzione della conoscenza, a cura di Pietro C. Marani e Rodolfo Maffeis, Busto Arsizio 2016, pp. 117–122
↑ Michela Palazzo, I restauri dei dipinti murali della Sala delle Asse e delle sale terrene della Corte Ducale nel Castello Sforzesco di Milano, tesi di Dottorato di Ricerca in Conservazione dei Beni Architettonici, Politecnico di Milano, relatore Carolina Di Biase, a.a. 2016–2017
↑ Claudio Salsi, Il progetto di restauro della Sala delle Asse nel Castello Sforzesco di Milano, in Leonardo da Vinci. Metodi e tecniche per la costruzione della conoscenza, a cura di Pietro C. Marani e Rodolfo Maffeis, Busto Arsizio 2016, pp. 115–116
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