San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008

Last updated

Eurovision Song Contest 2008
CountryFlag of San Marino (1862-2011).svg  San Marino
National selection
Selection processInternal selection
Selection date(s)11 March 2008
Selected entrant Miodio
Selected song"Complice"
Selected songwriter(s)
  • Nicola Della Valle
  • Francesco Sancisi
Finals performance
Semi-final resultFailed to qualify (19th)
San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest
2008• 2011►

San Marino debuted at the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, held in Belgrade, Serbia. The Sammarinese national broadcaster Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino (SMRTV) officially confirmed San Marino's participation in the contest in November 2007 after deliberation amongst the broadcaster's shareholders.

Contents

The pop-rock band Miodio with their Italian language song "Complice" (Italian pronunciation:  [ˈkomplitʃe] ; transl. "Accomplice") was selected internally by SMRTV to represent the nation. Promotion of the entry relied heavily on the internet, with a music video being created and interviews from the band to the press being published in the lead up to the Eurovision Song Contest 2008. San Marino performed fifth in the first semi-final, held on 20 May 2008, and placed last, receiving just five points.

Background

Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino (SMRTV) announced in mid November 2007 that they were considering entering the Eurovision Song Contest for the first time in 2008, pending approval from the shareholders of SMRTV. [1] At the time, half of the stock of SMRTV belonged to Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI), the broadcaster of Italy, which had last participated in 1997. [2] [3] Despite this, SMRTV received approval to take part and officially announced its participation in late November 2007. [4] SMRTV Head of Delegation Alessandro Capicchioni stated that San Marino's motivation for entering the contest was to promote tourism and to bring attention to the nation, as "a lot of the world knows neither where San Marino is or if it even exists". [5] For its first Eurovision appearance, SMRTV sought to host an internal selection process. [6]

Before Eurovision

Internal selection

Alessandro Capicchioni served as the Head of Delegation for San Marino and was a member of the selection panel. ESC2016 - San Marino Meet & Greet 19.jpg
Alessandro Capicchioni served as the Head of Delegation for San Marino and was a member of the selection panel.

SMRTV opened a submission period for interested artists and songwriters to submit their entries for the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 until 25 February. [6] [7] 50 songs were submitted and an expert panel consisting of Little Tony, Vince Tempera, Pasquale Panella, Michele Mangiafico, Michele Bovi, Giuseppe Cesetti, Alessandro and Marco Capicchioni and Roberto Moretti reviewed the submissions and selected San Marino's entry. [8] [9] Alessandro Capicchioni stated they chose an entry that would "bring Italian and Sanmarinese culture to Europe - a melodic song from our tradition". [5] On 11 March 2008, SMRTV announced Miodio as the first Sammarinese entrant with the song "Complice", sung in Italian. [10] [11] [12] Miodio consists of Nicola Della Valle (vocals), Paolo Macina (guitar), Andrea Marco 'Polly' Pollice (bass), Francesco Sancisi (keyboard) and Alessandro Gobbi (drums). [9] [13] [14] The song was written by band members Sancisi and Della Valle. [9] Upon the announcement of their participation, the band stated that they embody "a new way of thinking, born by anger and the will to react [to what] each individual carries in their ego". [13]

Among the submissions received by SMRTV included Italian duo Jalisse (who represented Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997), Valentina Monetta, Massimo Bertacci, Michele Imberti, as well as those from different Eurovision national selections in other countries, including "If You Never Back" by Elnur Hüseynov and "We Are One" by Alexa from the Azerbaijani and Moldovan national finals, respectively. [9] [13] [15]

Promotion

To promote the entry, a music video was filmed and released as part of the song's presentation on 15 March 2008. [16] In an interview in March 2008 with ESCToday's Yiorgos Kasapoglou, Miodio stated that they were relying on the internet to get their song and name out. [17] By May, they had performed the song live on television through Radio Television of Serbia and granted interviews to the press in the lead up to the Eurovision Song Contest 2008. [18] [19]

At Eurovision

The Eurovision Song Contest 2008 took place at the Belgrade Arena in Belgrade, Serbia. It consisted of two semi-finals held on 20 and 22 May, respectively, and the final on 24 May 2008. [20] According to the Eurovision rules at the time, all participating countries, except the host nation and the "Big Four", consisting of France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom, were required to qualify from one of the two semi-finals to compete for the final; the top 10 countries from the respective semi-finals would proceed to the final. [21]

Miodio performing "Complice " in the first semi-final. ESC 2008 - San Marino - Miodio, 1st semifinal.jpg
Miodio performing "Complice" in the first semi-final.

On 28 January 2008, an allocation draw was held that placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, with San Marino being placed into the first semi-final. [22] The 2008 contest was the first to feature two semi-finals, a change intended to reduce the problems of neighbourly and diaspora voting that occurred in years past. [23] Countries that normally would vote for each other were placed into separate semi-finals. [23] [24] Once all of the competing songs for the Eurovision Song Contest had been released, the running order for the semi-finals was decided by the delegation heads of the 43 participating countries of the contest rather than through another draw; the nation was assigned position five, following Moldova and preceding Belgium. [25] Though only participating in the first semi-final, SMRTV aired both semi-finals and the final, which in turn allowed parts of Italy within its broadcasting area to watch the contest, despite the country itself not participating. [2] Lia Fiorio and Gigi Restivo served as commentators for the television broadcasts, which were also streamed online, [2] [26] while Emilia Romagna provided commentary for Radio San Marino. [2]

Miodio performed in the first semi-final on 20 May 2008, appearing fifth out of the 19 countries. The performance featured the band wearing black suits, but with each member wearing it in a different style. [21] [27] Aniko Pusztai, set designer and dancer at La Scala in Milan, joined the group on stage. SMRTV stated that they believed that choreography was as important as the song itself, deciding to use what they referred to as emotional impact for the performance. The broadcaster said that Pusztai would move on the words of the text, merging the music with dance, a sort of angel, a white that will contrast with the dark soul of Miodio. [28] The background on the large television screens on stage was a wavy light blue colour. [21]

Voting

Below is a breakdown of points awarded to San Marino in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, as well as by the country in the semi-final and final. Miodio's performance did not manage to inspire the crowd and San Marino only managed to receive five points with its debut entry: two points from Andorra and three points from Greece, placing the nation last of the 19 entries and not qualifying for the final. [29] [30] Moretti was the Sammarinese spokesperson announcing the country's voting results. [21] [26]

Points awarded to San Marino

Points awarded to San Marino (Semi-final 1) [31]
ScoreCountry
12 points
10 points
8 points
7 points
6 points
5 points
4 points
3 pointsFlag of Greece.svg  Greece
2 pointsFlag of Andorra.svg  Andorra
1 point

Points awarded by San Marino

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest</span>

San Marino has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 12 times, debuting in the 2008 contest, followed by participation from 2011 onward. The nation did not participate in 2009 or 2010, citing financial difficulties. Having failed to qualify in their first four attempts, the nation qualified for the contest's final for the first time in 2014. Valentina Monetta represented San Marino in 2012, 2013 and 2014, making her the first entrant to participate in three consecutive contests since the 1960s. In 2019, Serhat managed to qualify to the final, marking the second appearance of the country in a Eurovision final and achieving their best result to date of 19th place. Following the 2020 contest's cancellation due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, their 2020 candidate Senhit was again selected to represent San Marino in the following contest. She qualified to the final, making it the first time that San Marino made it to two consecutive finals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Miodio</span>

Miodio is a band that consists of three Italian and two Sammarinese members. They represented San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, performing the song Complice. This was the first time San Marino had entered the competition. They performed in the 5th position after Moldova and before Belgium. They however failed to get past the first semi-final on 20 May, only receiving 5 points and placing last of 19.

San Marino RTV is a Sammarinese free-to-air television channel owned and operated by public broadcaster Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino (SMRTV). It is the company's flagship television channel, and is known for broadcasting news bulletins and self-produced entertainment programming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurovision Song Contest 2015</span> International song competition

The Eurovision Song Contest 2015 was the 60th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Vienna, Austria, following the country's victory at the 2014 contest with the song "Rise Like a Phoenix" by Conchita Wurst. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Österreichischer Rundfunk (ORF), the contest was held at the Hall D of the Wiener Stadthalle and consisted of two semi-finals on 19 and 21 May, and a final on 23 May 2015. The three live shows were presented by Austrian television presenters Mirjam Weichselbraun, Alice Tumler and Arabella Kiesbauer, while the previous edition's winner Conchita Wurst acted as the green room host.

San Marino participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011, held in Düsseldorf, Germany. The Sammarinese national broadcaster Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino (SMRTV) confirmed the country's second participation in the contest on 22 November 2010, marking their return after not participating in 2009 and 2010. Italian singer Senhit Zadik Zadik, under the stage name Senit, was internally selected by SMRTV to represent San Marino with the song "Stand By". The entry was promoted through the creation of a music video, a promotional tour throughout Europe and an interview to the press in the lead up to the Eurovision Song Contest 2011. San Marino performed 12th in the first semi-final, held on 10 May 2011, and placed 16th, receiving 34 points and failing to qualify for the final.

San Marino participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, held in Baku, Azerbaijan. The Sammarinese national broadcaster Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino (SMRTV) internally selected Valentina Monetta with "The Social Network Song" to represent the nation in the contest. SMRTV had initially proposed a different version of the song, titled "Facebook Uh, Oh, Oh", but was instructed to modify or replace the entry due to concerns relating to commercial messaging. The entry was promoted through the creation of a music video, a promotional tour throughout Europe and interviews to the press in the lead up to the Eurovision Song Contest 2012. San Marino performed 11th in the first semi-final, held on 22 May 2012, and placed 14th, receiving 31 points and failing to qualify for the grand final. This marked their best placing in the contest to this point.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Valentina Monetta</span> Sammarinese singer (born 1975)

Valentina Monetta is a Sammarinese singer. She is best known for representing San Marino in the 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2017 Eurovision Song Contests. She also announced the Sammarinese points at the Eurovision Song Contest 2015. In the 2014 contest, Monetta became the first Sammarinese entrant to qualify for the final.

San Marino participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013, held in Malmö, Sweden. The Sammarinese national broadcaster Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino (SMRTV) internally selected Valentina Monetta with "Crisalide (Vola)" to represent the nation in the contest. Monetta had previously represented San Marino at the 2012 contest, placing 14th in the semi-finals. The 2013 entry was promoted through the creation of a music video, a promotional tour that included stops in London and Amsterdam, and interviews to the press in the lead up to the Eurovision Song Contest 2013. San Marino performed second in the second semi-final, held on 16 May 2013, and placed 11th, receiving 47 points and failing to qualify for the grand final. However, this marked the nation's best placing to this point.

San Marino participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014, held in Copenhagen, Denmark. The Sammarinese national broadcaster Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino (SMRTV) internally selected Valentina Monetta with "Maybe" to represent the nation in the contest. Monetta had previously represented San Marino in both the 2012 and 2013 contests, though both entries failed to qualify for the grand final. The 2014 entry was promoted through the creation of music videos in both English and Italian, and a promotional tour that included stops in Amsterdam, Moscow and London. San Marino performed 12th in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2014, held on 6 May 2014, and placed 10th, receiving 40 points. The entry qualified for the grand final held four days later, where the nation placed 24th with 14 points. This marked their best placing to this point.

San Marino participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015, held in Vienna, Austria. The Sammarinese national broadcaster Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino (SMRTV) internally selected Anita Simoncini and Michele Perniola with "Chain of Lights" to represent the nation in the contest. Both Simoncini and Perniola had previously represented San Marino in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest on separate occasions. The 2015 entry in the Eurovision Song Contest was promoted through the creation of a music video, a tour that included a stop in Moscow and a contest on social media that awarded prizes to winning participants. San Marino performed third in the second semi-final, held on 21 May 2015, and placed 16th with 11 points, failing to qualify for the final.

San Marino participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016, held in Stockholm, Sweden. The Sammarinese national broadcaster Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino (SMRTV) internally selected Turkish singer Serhat with "I Didn't Know" to represent the nation in the contest. The song was written by Olcayto Ahmet Tuğsuz and Nektarios Tyrakis and was presented to the public on 9 March 2016 alongside its music video. While initially a ballad version had been selected, SMRTV subsequently opted to use the disco version of the song for the contest based on feedback from the public. To promote the entry, Serhat embarked on a promotional tour across Europe in the lead up the Eurovision Song Contest. San Marino performed eighth in the first semi-final, held on 10 May 2016, and placed 12th with 68 points, failing to qualify for the final.

San Marino participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017, held in Kyiv, Ukraine. The Sammarinese national broadcaster Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino (SMRTV) internally selected Sammarinese singer Valentina Monetta and American singer Jimmie Wilson with "Spirit of the Night" to represent the nation in the contest. Monetta had previously represented San Marino as a solo artist on three previous occasions. The 2017 entry in the Eurovision Song Contest was promoted through the creation of a music video and promotional performances in Tel Aviv, Amsterdam and Madrid. San Marino performed 10th in the second semi-final, held on 11 May 2017, and placed 18th with one point, failing to qualify for the final.

San Marino participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018, held in Lisbon, Portugal. The Sammarinese national broadcaster Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino (SMRTV) partnered with the London-based company 1in360 to stage an online search for their entrant, marking the first time the nation did not select their representative internally. The process, entitled 1in360, culminated in an 11-participant final with acts chosen from three wildcard selection processes and two 11-act showcase events. The winner of 1in360 was "Who We Are" performed by Jessika featuring Jenifer Brening. The 2018 entry in the Eurovision Song Contest was promoted through performances in London, Amsterdam, Madrid and Lisbon as well as a 10-week anti-bullying campaign to raise money for the Diana Award. San Marino performed fourth in the second semi-final, held on 10 May 2018, and placed 17th with 28 points, failing to qualify for the final.

San Marino participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019, held in Tel Aviv, Israel. The Sammarinese broadcaster San Marino RTV (SMRTV) confirmed that a second season of 1in360 would not take place to select the entry. In January 2019, they announced that Serhat had been internally selected to represent the nation in the contest with the song "Say Na Na Na", co-written by himself and Mary Susan Applegate. Serhat had previously represented San Marino in 2016 but failed to qualify for the final. To promote the entry, a music video for the song was released and Serhat made appearances at Eurovision parties in Amsterdam and Madrid in the lead up to the contest. San Marino performed last (17th) in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2019, held on 14 May 2019, and placed 8th, receiving 150 points. The entry qualified for the final held four days later, where the nation placed 19th with 77 points. This marked their best placing to this point and their second final qualification.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Say Na Na Na</span> 2019 song by Serhat

"Say Na Na Na" is a 2019 single by Turkish singer Serhat. The song represented San Marino after being internally selected by Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino (SMRTV), the Sanmarinese national broadcaster. The song was released on 7 March 2019. It finished 19th in the Grand Final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2019.

San Marino planned to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest 2020, which was scheduled to be held in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Italian singer Senhit was chosen to represent the nation with her song "Freaky!". Sammarinese broadcaster San Marino RTV (SMRTV) internally selected the singer, while her song was selected through a national final entitled Digital Battle. Senhit previously represented San Marino in the 2011 contest, but failed to qualify for the final. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe during 2020, the Eurovision Song Contest was cancelled in mid-March 2020. "Freaky!" was subsequently an entry for several replacement events including Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light, Der kleine Song Contest and Sveriges 12:a. Senhit announced during the former of the three that she would return to represent the nation at the 2021 contest the following year.

San Marino participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The Sammarinese broadcaster San Marino RTV (SMRTV) internally selected Senhit as their representative with the song "Adrenalina" featuring Flo Rida. Senhit was due to compete in the 2020 contest with "Freaky!" before the event's eventual cancellation and had also served as the nation's 2011 entrant. "Adrenalina" was written and composed by Thomas Stengaard, Joy Deb, Linnea Deb, Jimmy Thörnfeldt, Kenny Silverdique, Suzi Pancenkov, Malou Linn Eloise Ruotsalainen and Chanel Tukia, along with Senhit and Flo Rida themselves. While Flo Rida had provided vocals for the track, his participation in the performance of the song on the Eurovision stage was only confirmed on the day of the second semi-final due to COVID-19-related travel restrictions.

San Marino participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Turin, Italy, with the song "Stripper" performed by Achille Lauro. The Sammarinese broadcaster, San Marino RTV (SMRTV), organised a new national final concept entitled Una voce per San Marino to decide their representative. The event consisted of 299 emerging and nine established artists competing over a three month period from December 2021 through February 2022 for the opportunity to represent the nation at the contest. The winning entry "Stripper" was written by Lauro, Daniele Dezi, Daniele Mungai, Davide Petrella, Federico De Marinis, Francesco Viscovo, Gregorio Calculli, Marco Lanciotti, Matteo Ciceroni, Mattia Cutolo and Simon Pietro Manzari.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stripper (song)</span> 2022 single by Achille Lauro

"Stripper" is a song by Italian rapper and singer Achille Lauro. The song represented San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Turin, Italy, after winning Una voce per San Marino, the Sammarinese national final.

San Marino is set to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 in Liverpool, United Kingdom, with "Like an Animal" performed by Piqued Jacks. The Sammarinese broadcaster San Marino RTV (SMRTV) organised the national final Una voce per San Marino in order to select the Sammarinese entry for the 2023 contest. The event consisted of over 1000 emerging and 32 established artists competing over a five-month period from October 2022 through February 2023 for the opportunity to represent the nation at the contest.

References

  1. ↑ Viniker, Barry (11 November 2007). "San Marino planning 2008 entry". ESCToday. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Eurovision Song Contest 2008" (in Italian). Eurofestival News. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  3. ↑ "Italy - Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  4. ↑ Hondal, Víctor (21 November 2007). "Exclusive: San Marino in Belgrade confirmed". ESCToday. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  5. 1 2 Osborn, Michael (19 May 2008). "San Marino's big musical moment". BBC News . Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  6. 1 2 Floras, Stella (25 February 2008). "San Marino calls for songs - ends today!". ESCToday. Archived from the original on 5 November 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  7. ↑ "La Repubblica di San Marino per la prima volta all'Eurofestival" (in Italian). San Marino RTV. 12 February 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
  8. ↑ "Eurofestival: Little Tony presidente della giuria per la selezione del cantante" (in Italian). San Marino RTV. 12 February 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Sanabria-Rangel, Álvaro (17 June 2020). "Eurovision 2008: San Marino's Miodio in focus". Eurovisionary. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  10. ↑ "Eurofestival, saranno i Miodio a rappresentare San Marino a Belgrado" (in Italian). San Marino RTV. 11 March 2008. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
  11. ↑ Lewis, Cole (11 March 2008). "San Marino: Miodio for debut Nation". ESCToday. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
  12. ↑ Bakker, Sietse (11 March 2008). "Exclusive: Mi Odio represents San Marino!". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Retrieved 1 August 2009.
  13. 1 2 3 Floras, Stella (11 March 2008). "San Marino: More about Miodio". ESCToday. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
  14. ↑ "San Marino's first ever entry!". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 11 May 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  15. ↑ Lewis, Daniel (3 March 2008). "San Marino: Listen to Massimo Bertacci's bid for Eurovision". ESCToday. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
  16. ↑ Paul (15 March 2008). "Miodio launch official video of 'Complice'". Eurovisionary. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  17. ↑ Kasapoglou, Yiorgos (19 March 2008). "Exclusive: The Miodio interview". ESCToday. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  18. ↑ "Eurofestival: continua l'avventura dei Miodio" (in Italian). San Marino RTV. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  19. ↑ "Eurofestival, verso la semifinale: intenso lavoro per i Miodio" (in Italian). San Marino RTV. 16 May 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  20. ↑ "Eurovision Song Contest–Belgrade 2008". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Eurovision Song Contest 2008. Belgrade, Serbia: European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 20–24 May 2008.
  22. ↑ "Semi-Final Allocation Draw: the outcome!". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 28 January 2008. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  23. 1 2 Osborn, Michael (20 May 2008). "Sweden tipped to win Eurovision". BBC News. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  24. ↑ Viniker, Barry (28 January 2008). "The Eurovision Song Contest semi final draw". ESCToday. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
  25. ↑ "Belgrade 2008: The running order!". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 17 March 2008. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  26. 1 2 "SM TV San Marino: confermatbei i conduttori per l'Eurovision 2013" (in Italian). Eurofestival News. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  27. ↑ Viniker, Barry (19 May 2008). "Eurovision 2008: The first Eurovision dress rehearsal". ESCToday. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2008.
  28. ↑ "Eurofestival a Belgrado: i Miodio sul palco con una ballerina della Scala" (in Italian). San Marino RTV. 13 May 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
  29. ↑ "First Semi-Final of Belgrade 2008". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  30. ↑ Klier, Marcus (25 May 2008). "Voting analysis (1): the first semi final". ESCToday. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2008.
  31. 1 2 "Results of the First Semi-Final of Belgrade 2008". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  32. ↑ "Results of the Grand Final of Belgrade 2008". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.