Neonatology is a subspecialty of pediatrics that consists of the medical care of newborn infants, especially the ill or premature newborn. It is a hospital-based specialty and is usually practised in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The principal patients of neonatologists are newborn infants who are ill or require special medical care due to prematurity, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital malformations, sepsis, pulmonary hypoplasia, or birth asphyxia.
Mary Ellen Avery, also known as Mel, was an American pediatrician. In the 1950s, Avery's pioneering research efforts helped lead to the discovery of the main cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature babies: her identification of surfactant led to the development of replacement therapy for premature infants and has been credited with saving over 830,000 lives. Her childhood, mentors, drive, and education inspired Avery to be the visionary that she was. In 1991 President George H.W. Bush conferred the National Medal of Science on Avery for her work on RDS.
Dorothy Mabel Reed Mendenhall was a prominent pediatric physician specializing in cellular pathology. In 1901, she discovered that Hodgkin's disease was not a form of tuberculosis, by noticing the presence of a special cell, the Reed–Sternberg cell which bears her name. Dorothy was one of the first women to graduate from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. She was also one of the first professionally trained female physicians of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Ethel Collins Dunham (1883–1969), and her life partner, Martha May Eliot, devoted their lives to the care of children. Dunham focused on premature babies and newborns, becoming chief of child development at the Children's Bureau in 1935. She established national standards for the hospital care of newborn children and expanded the scope of health care for growing youngsters by monitoring their progress in regular home visits by Children's Bureau staff.
Adelaide Cabete, was a Portuguese feminist and republican. In 1909, with Ana de Castro Osorio she created the Republican League of Portuguese Women. She was the founder of the Portuguese women's organization, Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas, and served as its president from 1914 to 1935.
Helen Elizabeth Nash was a pediatrician known for breaking racial and gender barriers in the medical field. She began her career at the Homer G. Phillips Hospital, and later worked at the Saint Louis Children’s Hospital. She started her own private practice and was a faculty member at the Washington University School of Medicine. Her earliest work included decreasing infant mortality in Homer G. Phillips Hospital. Her private practice was notable for educating teens on proper sexual health. Additionally, she was one of the first medical doctors to address patient health as care for the patient and their support systems.
Angella Dorothea Ferguson is an American pediatrician known for her groundbreaking research on sickle cell disease.
Natividad Relucio Clavano was a Filipino pediatrician. As chief of pediatrics at Baguio General Hospital, she studied the benefits of breastfeeding over infant formula and reformed the model of care provided to newborns and their mothers.
The Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas was a feminist organization founded in 1914.
Cesina Borges Adães Bermudes (1908-2001) was a Portuguese obstetrician who introduced the concept of “painless childbirth” to Portugal. She was also a prominent feminist and an opponent of the Estado Novo authoritarian regime, for which she was imprisoned for three months.
Sara Beirão was a Portuguese writer, journalist, women's rights activist and philanthropist. As an author, she is particularly known for fiction aimed at children and youth and for her work as publisher and editor of the Alma feminina feminist magazine.
Elina Guimarães (1904-1991) was a writer and feminist leader in Portugal during the middle of the 20th century.
Maria Lúcia Vassalo Namorado (1909–2000) was a Portuguese writer, poet, journalist, teacher and social reformer, and director of the magazine Os nossos filhos.
Ana Vicente was an Anglo-Portuguese writer with a strong Catholic faith, known for her support for feminist causes.
Maria Guardiola (1895–1987) was a Portuguese schoolteacher. A supporter of the right-wing Estado Novo, she was an anti-feminist in charge of the regime's Mocidade Portuguesa Feminina for more than three decades and was one of the first three women in the country’s National Assembly (parliament), being elected in 1934.
Sofia Quintino (1879-1964) was one of the first female physicians to graduate in Portugal. An active feminist, who opposed the Portuguese monarchy, she played a particularly important role in developing a secular nursing service, in a country where nursing had previously been the preserve of nuns.
Abigail de Paiva Cruz was a Portuguese naturalist painter, sculptor, lace maker and feminist activist.
Ana Jorge is a pediatrician, and a Portuguese politician and member of the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), who served as Minister of Health.
Maria da Graça Andrada is a Portuguese doctor who specialised in pediatrics, particularly cerebral palsy, and in physical rehabilitation. She has been president of the Portuguese Cerebral Palsy Association and was made a Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry, as well as being the recipient of other major awards.
Jasmine Y. Zapata is an American physician and epidemiologist. She is the chief medical officer and state epidemiologist for community health at Wisconsin Department of Health Services. Her career includes work as a pediatrician, public health researcher, assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin, author, and her support for youth empowerment with a variety of initiatives.
