Savva Timofeyevich Morozov ( ‹See Tfd› Russian: Са́вва Тимофе́евич Моро́зов, 15 February [ O.S. 3 February] 1862, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Bogorodsky Uyezd, Moscow Governorate, Russian Empire – 26 May [ O.S. 13 May] 1905, Cannes, France) was a Russian textile magnate and philanthropist. Established by Savva Vasilyevich Morozov (1770–1862), the Morozov family was the fifth-richest in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. [1] [2]
Savva Timofeyevich Morozov came from an Old Believer merchant family which held the hereditary civil rank of honorary citizens ( ‹See Tfd› Russian : Почётные граждане ). This gave him freedom from conscription, freedom from corporal punishment, and freedom from taxation ( ‹See Tfd› Russian : Подушный оклад ). [lower-alpha 1] He grew up at the Morozov house at Trehsvyatitelskaya Lane 1-3c1 ( ‹See Tfd› Russian : Большой Трёхсвятительский переулок ) on Ivanovo Hill ( ‹See Tfd› Russian : Ивановская горка ) in the White City ( ‹See Tfd› Russian : Белый город ), now the boulevards, of Moscow. [3] He attended the nearby gymnasium at Pokrovsky Gates. [3] His family home was the most expensive home in Moscow and its Morozov gardens ( ‹See Tfd› Russian : Морозовский сад ) became a favourite haunt of Sergey Aksakov, F. Dostoevsky, A. Ostrovsky, L. Tolstoy, and P. Tchaikovsky. [4] He later studied physics and mathematics at Moscow University (1885) where he wrote a study on dye and met Mendeleev. [3] Beginning on 7 January 1885, at 10 o'clock in the morning, textile workers at the Morozov factories in Bogorodsk, especially Orekhovo-Zuyevo, went on strike for several weeks (Morozov strike ). [3] In 1885–1887 he studied chemistry at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. While in England he studied the structure of the textile industry in Great Britain, especially in Manchester. [3]
Savva Morozov married his second-cousin's former wife Zinaida Grigorievna, née Zimin ( ‹See Tfd› Russian: Зинаида Григорьевна Зимина). [5] [lower-alpha 2] They hosted lavish parties and balls which many distinguished Russians and Moscovites attended including Savva Mamontov, Botkin, Feodor Chaliapin, Maxim Gorky, Anton Chekhov, Konstantin Stanislavski, Pyotr Boborykin, and others. Olga Knipper recalled one of these balls: "I had to go to the ball at Morozova: I've never seen such luxury and wealth." [3]
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Morozov was the largest shareholder of the Moscow Art Theatre (MAT) under Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko. [6] [7] [8] During the summer of 1902, with participation of both Ivan Fomin and Alexander Galetsky, Savva funded Schechtel's improvements to the Lianozov-owned [lower-alpha 3] theatre built in 1890 at Kamergersky Lane 3 in Tverskoy. [6] [7] [8] The renovations incorporated Anna Golubkina's high-relief plaster of The Wave above the right entrance of the theatre. [9] [10] In 1903 he funded the electrification of the theatre with its own electrical power station, and added another small stage which is isolated from the main building to allow full rehearsals during performances on the main stage. [8] All of this made the MAT the most advanced theatre in Russia. [8] For the fifth and sixth seasons (1902–04), Morozov funded the entire cost of the equipment and the operating costs of the building, too. [8] This new theatre had seating for 1200 (a third more than the older building) and greatly enhanced MAT's profitability. However, the rent increased for the seventh season (1904–05) and Morozov ceased paying for the leasehold and the operating cost. He would only pay back the principal for the cost of the improvements, which took 9 years. [8] When Gorky's Summerfolk was not well received by Nemirovich-Danchenko and Stanislavski, Gorky left the theatre and Morozov followed. [7]
Influenced by Maxim Gorky, Morozov and his relative Nikolai Pavlovich Schmidt [lower-alpha 4] were significant financial contributors to the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, including making payments to the newspaper Iskra . [11] [12]
According to the author Suzanne Massie, writing in Land of the Firebird, Morozov had approached his mother and family matriarch about introducing profit-sharing with factory workers - one of the first industrialists to propose such an idea. His mother angrily removed Savva from the family business, and one month later the apparently despondent Morozov shot himself while in the south of France. Morozov died from a gunshot wound in Cannes, France. His death was officially ruled a suicide; however, various murder-theories exist. [lower-alpha 5]
Orekhovo-Zuyevo is an industrial city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located 85 kilometers (53 mi) east of Moscow in a forested area on the Klyazma River. Orekhovo, often pronounced only as Orekh, is a Russian word which means "nut". The city was established in 1917 when three villages were merged, hence its name. Population: 120,670 (2010 Census); 122,248 (2002 Census); 137,198 (1989 Soviet census).
The Moscow Art Theatre (or MAT; ‹See Tfd›Russian: Московский Художественный академический театр, Moskovskiy Hudojestvenny Akademicheskiy Teatr was a theatre company in Moscow. It was founded in 1898 by the seminal Russian theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski, together with the playwright and director Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko. It was conceived as a venue for naturalistic theatre, in contrast to the melodramas that were Russia's dominant form of theatre at the time. The theatre, the first to regularly put on shows implementing Stanislavski's system, proved hugely influential in the acting world and in the development of modern American theatre and drama.
Vladimir Ivanovich Nemirovich-Danchenko was a Soviet and Russian theatre director, writer, pedagogue, playwright, producer and theatre administrator, who founded the Moscow Art Theatre with his colleague, Konstantin Stanislavski, in 1898.
The Morozovs is a famous Old Believers Russian family of merchants and entrepreneurs. The family name Morozov originates from a Russian word moroz (мороз) that means frost. The founder of the family was Savva Vasilyevich Morozov (1770–1862). He had five sons and a daughter, Varvara Savvichna Morozova.
Realism in the theatre was a general movement that began in 19th-century theatre, around the 1870s, and remained present through much of the 20th century. It developed a set of dramatic and theatrical conventions with the aim of bringing a greater fidelity of real life to texts and performances. These conventions occur in the text, design, performance style, and narrative structure. They include recreating on stage a facsimile of real life except missing a fourth wall. Characters speak in naturalistic, authentic dialogue without verse or poetic stylings, and acting is meant to emulate human behaviour in real life. Narratives typically are psychologically driven, and include day-to-day, ordinary scenarios. Narrative action moves forward in time, and supernatural presences do not occur. Sound and music are diegetic only. Part of a broader artistic movement, it includes Naturalism and Socialist realism.
The Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko Moscow Academic Music Theatre is a music theatre in Moscow.
Ioasaf Aleksandrovich Tikhomirov (1872-1908) was a male actor from the Russian Empire. He trained under Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, who offered "rigorous and intelligent" courses in actor training at the school of the Moscow Philharmonic Society. Tikhomirov was one of twelve students that Nemirovich brought with him to join the Moscow Art Theatre when he founded it with Constantin Stanislavski in 1898. He acted with the company until 1904 and also served as the director of the Art Theatre School. In 1904 Stanislavski sent Tikhomirov to help Maxim Gorky establish his newly founded theatre in Nizhny Novgorod, but the project was abandoned when the Russian censor banned every play that they proposed to stage.
Vasily Ivanovich Kachalov, was one of Russia's most renowned actors. He worked closely and often with Konstantin Stanislavski. He led the so-called Kachalov Group within the Moscow Art Theatre. It was Kachalov who played Hamlet in the Symbolist production of 1911.
Serafim Nikolayevich Sudbinin was a Russian sculptor, painter, ceramicist and stage actor, associated with the Moscow Art Theatre.
Vasily Vasilyevich Luzhsky was a Russian, Soviet stage actor, theatre director and pedagogue, associated with the Moscow Art Theatre.
The Cabal of Hypocrites is a four-act play by Mikhail Bulgakov also known as Molière.
The Griboyedov Prize was a Russian literary award established in 1878 by the Society of Russian Dramatists and Opera Composers to honor Alexander Griboyedov. The opening ceremony was held on 11 February, on the anniversary of the great Russian playwright's death. The prize, collected through private donations, was awarded to the best play of the year, produced in Saint Petersburg and Moscow by either Imperial Theatres or their private counterparts. Despite the fact that the Prize was launched in 1878, it was first awarded in 1883.
Maria Lyudomirovna Petrovskaya was a Russian stage actress associated with the Moscow Art Theatre, better known under her stage name Roksanova (Роксанова).
Maria Alexandrovna Samarova was a Moscow-born Russian Empire and Soviet stage actress and reader in drama, associated with the Moscow Art Theatre.
Maria Nikolayevna Krasovskaya-Kalitinskaya was a Russian actress, theatre director and reader in drama, better known under her stage name Maria Germanova (Германова).
Alexey Morosov is a Russian sculptor and painter. He is a graduate of the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, where he studied under Lev Kerbel. He has been the director of the Moscow Academic Art School since 2013. He has been a member of the Russian Academy of Arts since 2014. He lives and works in Lucca, Italy.
Savva Vasilyevich Morozov was an eighteenth-century Russian entrepreneur, who founded the Morozov dynasty.
Ivan Savvich Morozov was a Russian entrepreneur who took part in the creation of the Tver Manufactory. He was the son of Savva Vasilyevich Morozov, but unlike his brothers is not recognised as founding any of the Morozov companies.
Zuevo was a historic village in Bogorodsky Uyezd, Moscow Governorate, Imperial Russia. It was the administrative centre of Zuevskaya volost. Since 1917 it has been part of the city of Orekhovo-Zuyevo. It was the birthplace of Savva Vasilyevich Morozov and Semyon Grigorievich Zimin, both peasants who became industrialists ensuring Zuevo play an important role in the industrialisation of Imperial Russia.
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