Scalicus engyceros | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
Family: | Peristediidae |
Genus: | Scalicus |
Species: | S. engyceros |
Binomial name | |
Scalicus engyceros (Günther, 1872) | |
Synonyms [1] | |
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Scalicus engyceros is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. This species is found in northwestern Pacific Ocean.
Scalicus engyceros was first formally described as Peristethus engyceros in 1872 by the German-born British herpetologist and ichthyologist Albert Günther with the type locality given as the Hawaiian Islands. [2] Some authorities regard S. gilberti and S, investigatoris as a junior synonyms of S. engyceros. [2] The specific name engyceros combines engys, meaning “near” , with ceros, which means “horn”, an allusion Günther did not explain but may refer to the horn like projections on the rostrum. [3]
Scalicus engyceros is found in the western Pacific Ocean off southern Japan, the South China Sea and in the central western Pacific in Hawaii. It is a benthic species of rocky and sandy substrates at depths between 200 and 662 m (656 and 2,172 ft) [1] Other members of the family Peristediidae are often found in the Indo-West Pacific, specifically central and western Pacific on the Emperor Seamount Chain [4] [5] . They prefer tropical to warm, temperate seas and can often be found in marine waters on the lower continental shelf and upper continental slope at depths of depths of 230m-545m [4] [6] [7] . Members of the Scalicus genus are bottom feeders and can be found on the sea floor. They prefer slopes with soft bottoms, specifically sandy or muddy substrates but can also be found in rubble or reef -type bottoms [7] .
Scalicus engyceros have filamentous barbels with 13-18 branches at the base [5] . They are known for their narrow preorbital processes [8] . The projections are rigid and parallel whilst also being quite short [5] . The crown of the head has small spines on each side of it [8] . The pelvic fin is short and does not reach the anus [5] . Scalicus engyceros reaches a maximum published total length of 32 cm (13 in). [1] Scalicus engyceros come in many different colors. Many come brightly colored such as in yellow, orange, red, or white. There is intraspecific color variation depending on location with some specimen from Hawaii having dusky spots, whereas specimens in the Emperor Seamount Chain and Africa are missing spots [5] .The family Perstiediidae is unique in that their body is encased in heavily armored plates, detached pectoral fin rays, rostral projections, and barbels on the lower jaw [9] .
Other members of the family Peristediidae are known as egg bearers [10] . The eggs are small, embryonic for 2-3 days, and stay in the larval period for a few months [10] . Recruitment season is a few months in which they progressively grow between summer and winter [10] .
Other members of the family Peristediidae have been known to start spawning between summer and autumn months [10] . Once they reach lengths between 150mm and 220 mm they have reached sexual maturity and can begin spawning [10] . They have been known to spawn based on the necessity to match spawning and recruitment phases with preferred season of food availability [10] .
Other members of the family Peristediidae have been known to live roughly 2-3 years [10] . The growth rate is roughly 1.5 to 2 years until sexual maturity, and then growth stabilizes after that ending around 2-3 years [10] .
Members of Peristediidae use their sensory projections to hunt for food considering the weak light at the depth in which they reside [9] . They are solitary and typically associate with other members once peak breeding season has occurred [10] .
Family Peristediidae are known predators [7] . They use detached pectoral-fins and rostral projections to hunt for benthic fish and crustaceans that live within the sand [4] [7] . The projections have sensory pores that detect the submerged prey [9] . Other members of Peristediidae have been known to have common organisms in their diet such as crustaceans and mollusks [10] .
There are no specific predators of armored sea robins, however Scalicus engyceros use heavily armored scales help to protect them from potential predators [5] .
Because members of Peristediidae are known predators, they help to control the population of sub-benthic species [10] . The genus Scalicus also fills an ecological niche that not many others can fit by living near seamounts, which are not extremely populated due to their depth and environment [11] .
Many bottom dwelling fish are known to be caught in bottom trawling fisheries [12] . Members of Peristediidae specifically have been caught by scientists purely from by-catch of bottom trawling [10] . The nets have been known to destroy egg and larval stages of many fish species that live in these areas [12] . Much by catch is often tossed back to sea which can cause pollution from decay [13] .
Members of Scalicus engyceros are used to advocate for conservation of sea mounts [6] . Because Scalicus engyceros and many other deep sea dwelling fish reside on around these areas, seamount advocation for management and conservation are becoming more pronounced [6] .
The Scorpaeniformes are a diverse order of ray-finned fish, including the lionfishes and sculpins, but have also been called the Scleroparei. It is one of the five largest orders of bony fishes by number of species, with over 1,320.
Triglidae, commonly known as gurnards or sea robins, are a family of bottom-feeding scorpaeniform ray-finned fish. The gurnards are distributed in temperate and tropical seas worldwide.
Peristediidae, the armored sea robins or armoured gurnards, is a family of ray-finned fishes belonging to the suborder Platycephaloidei in the order Scorpaeniformes. They are found in the deep water in the tropical and warm temperate of the world's oceans.
The bluefin gurnard or Pacific red gurnard is a species of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. Its Māori names are kumukumu and pūwahaiau. It is found in the western Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean, being common around Australia and New Zealand at depths down to 200 metres (660 ft). The fish is one of the most important commercial fish species in New Zealand.
The spotted gurnard is a species of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. This fish is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Its length is up to 35 cm.
Prionotus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Triglidae, one of two genera belonging to the subfamily Prionotinae, the searobins. These fishes are found in the Western Atlantic Ocean and eastern Pacific Ocean, in the waters off both North and South America.
The jaggedhead gurnard is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored searobins. This species is found in the eastern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. It is the only known member of its genus.
Paraheminodus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored searobins. These fishes are found in the western Pacific Ocean.
Peristedion is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. These fishes are found in Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific ocean waters.
Satyrichthys is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored searobins. These fishes are found in the Indo-Pacific region.
Scalicus orientalis is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. This species is found in Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean.
Scalicus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored searobins. These fishes are found in the Indo-Pacific region.
Peristedion greyae, the alligator searobin, alligator armored searobin or prickly armoured sea robin, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. It is found in the western central Atlantic.
Scalicus amiscus is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. This species is found in northwestern Pacific Ocean.
Scalicus gilberti is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. This species is found in western central Pacific Ocean in Hawaii. Some authorities regard this taxon as a junior synonym of S. engyceros.
Scalicus hians is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. This species is found in western Pacific Ocean.
Scalicus serrulatus is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. It is found in the Indo-West Pacific where it has been recorded from the Saya de Malha Bank, Andaman Sea, Indonesia, Kyushu-Palau Ridge, Japan and Emperor Seamount Chain,Taiwan Taitung County nearby deep sea.
Lepidotrigla argus, the long-finned sea gurnard or eye gurnard, is a species of marine, demersal ray-finned fish from the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. It is found in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean.
Prionotinae is a subfamily of demersal, marine ray-finned fishes, part of the family Triglidae. The fishes in this subfamily are called sea robins and are found in the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans, the other two Triglid subfamilies are called gurnards.
Peristedion cataphractum, the African armoured gurnard, the mailed gurnard or armed gurnard, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
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