Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncotherapy) is the stimulation of the immune system to treat cancer, improving the immune system's natural ability to fight the disease. It is an application of the fundamental research of cancer immunology (immuno-oncology) and a growing subspecialty of oncology.
Cediranib is a potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinases.
Programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDCD1LG2 gene. PDCD1LG2 has also been designated as CD273. PDCD1LG2 is an immune checkpoint receptor ligand which plays a role in negative regulation of the adaptive immune response. PD-L2 is one of two known ligands for Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1).
Treatment of lung cancer refers to the use of medical therapies, such as surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, percutaneous ablation, and palliative care, alone or in combination, in an attempt to cure or lessen the adverse impact of malignant neoplasms originating in lung tissue.
BI 811283 is a small molecule inhibitor of the Aurora B kinase protein being developed by Boehringer Ingelheim for use as an anti-cancer agent. BI 811283 is currently in the early stages of clinical development and is undergoing first in human trials in patients with solid tumors and acute myeloid leukemia.
TIGIT is an immune receptor present on some T cells and natural killer cells (NK). It is also identified as WUCAM and Vstm3. TIGIT could bind to CD155 (PVR) on dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, etc. with high affinity, and also to CD112 (PVRL2) with lower affinity.
Atezolizumab, sold under the brand name Tecentriq among others, is a monoclonal antibody medication used to treat urothelial carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), hepatocellular carcinoma and alveolar soft part sarcoma, but discontinued for use in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). It is a fully humanized, engineered monoclonal antibody of IgG1 isotype against the protein programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1).
PD-1 inhibitors and PD-L1 inhibitors are a group of checkpoint inhibitor anticancer drugs that block the activity of PD-1 and PDL1 immune checkpoint proteins present on the surface of cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are emerging as a front-line treatment for several types of cancer.
V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is a type I transmembrane protein that functions as an immune checkpoint and is encoded by the VSIR gene.
Tislelizumab, sold under the brand name Tevimbra among others, is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against programmed death receptor-1. It is being developed by BeiGene.
Checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a form of cancer immunotherapy. The therapy targets immune checkpoints, key regulators of the immune system that when stimulated can dampen the immune response to an immunologic stimulus. Some cancers can protect themselves from attack by stimulating immune checkpoint targets. Checkpoint therapy can block inhibitory checkpoints, restoring immune system function. The first anti-cancer drug targeting an immune checkpoint was ipilimumab, a CTLA4 blocker approved in the United States in 2011.
Masofaniten, also known by its developmental code name EPI-7386, is an N-terminal domain antiandrogen, or antagonist of the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the androgen receptor (AR), which is under development for the treatment of prostate cancer. The compound was developed as a successor of previous drugs in the EPI series such as EPI-001, ralaniten (EPI-002), and ralaniten acetate (EPI-506). Masofaniten shows 20-fold higher antiandrogenic potency than ralaniten in vitro (IC50Tooltip Half-maximal inhibitory concentration = 535 nM vs. 9,580 nM, respectively), as well as greater stability in human hepatocytes. It was planned to enter phase I clinical trials in 2020. Preliminary results of a phase I/II clinical trial were published in 2023.
Roy S. Herbst is an American oncologist who is the Ensign Professor of Medicine, Professor of Pharmacology, Chief of Medical Oncology, and Associate Director for Translational Research at Yale Cancer Center and Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut.
Belvarafenib is a small molecule RAF dimer inhibitor which shows anti-tumor clinical activity in cancer patients with BRAFV600E- and NRAS- mutations.
Julie Renee Brahmer is an American thoracic oncologist. She is the co-director of the Upper Aerodigestive Department within the Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Johns Hopkins University and the Marilyn Meyerhoff Professor in Thoracic Oncology.
Resigratinib (KIN-3248) is an experimental anticancer medication which acts as a fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor (FGFRi) and is in early stage human clinical trials.
Favezelimab/pembrolizumab is a fixed-dose combination of two monoclonal antibodies developed by Merck to treat various cancers.
Favezelimab (MK-4280) is an experimental anti-cancer monoclonal antibody developed by Merck. It is being tested by itself and in a fixed-dose combination with pembrolizumab.
Opnurasib (JDQ-443) is a small-molecule covalent KRASG12C inhibitor developed for non-small-cell lung cancer.
Penpulimab is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody that targets the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor. It is primarily developed for the treatment of cancers and is approved in China for specific indications.
