Galectin-3

Last updated
LGALS3
Protein LGALS3 PDB 1a3k.png
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases LGALS3 , CBP35, GAL3, GALBP, GALIG, L31, LGALS2, MAC2, lectin, galactoside binding soluble 3, galectin 3
External IDs OMIM: 153619; MGI: 96778; HomoloGene: 37608; GeneCards: LGALS3; OMA:LGALS3 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

3958

16854

Ensembl

ENSG00000131981

ENSMUSG00000050335

UniProt

P17931

P16110

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001177388
NM_002306
NM_001357678

NM_001145953
NM_010705

RefSeq (protein)

NP_002297
NP_001344607

n/a

Location (UCSC) Chr 14: 55.12 – 55.15 Mb Chr 14: 47.61 – 47.62 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Galectin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGALS3 gene. [5] [6] Galectin-3 is a member of the lectin family, of which 14 mammalian galectins have been identified. [7] [8]

Galectin-3 is approximately 30 kDa and, like all galectins, contains a carbohydrate-recognition-binding domain (CRD) of about 130 amino acids that enable the specific binding of β-galactosides. [7] [9] [10] [11]

Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is also a member of the beta-galactoside-binding protein family that plays an important role in cell-cell adhesion, cell-matrix interactions, macrophage activation, angiogenesis, metastasis, apoptosis.

Galectin-3 is encoded by a single gene, LGALS3, located on chromosome 14, locus q21–q22. [7] [12] Galectin-3 is expressed in the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, cell surface, and extracellular space. [7] [9] [10]

Function

Galectin-3 has an affinity for beta-galactosides and exhibits antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. [8]

This protein has been shown to be involved in the following biological processes: cell adhesion, cell activation and chemoattraction, cell growth and differentiation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. [7] Given galectin-3's broad biological functionality, it has been demonstrated to be involved in cancer, inflammation and fibrosis, heart disease, and stroke. [7] [11] [13] [14] Studies have also shown that the expression of galectin-3 is implicated in a variety of processes associated with heart failure, including myofibroblast proliferation, fibrogenesis, tissue repair, inflammation, and ventricular remodeling. [13] [15] [16]

Galectin-3 associates with the primary cilium and modulates renal cyst growth in congenital polycystic kidney disease. [17]

The functional roles of galectins in cellular response to membrane damage are rapidly expanding. [18] [19] [20] It has been recently shown that Galectin-3 recruits ESCRTs to damaged lysosomes so that lysosomes can be repaired. [19]

Clinical significance

Fibrosis

A correlation between galectin-3 expression levels and various types of fibrosis has been found. Galectin-3 is upregulated in cases of liver fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In several studies with mice deficient in or lacking galectin-3, conditions that caused control mice to develop IPF, renal, or liver fibrosis either induced limited fibrosis or failed to induce fibrosis entirely. [21] [22] [23] Companies have developed galectin modulators that block the binding of galectins to carbohydrate structures. The galectin-3 inhibitor, TD139 and GR-MD-02 have the potential to treat fibrosis. [23]

Cardiovascular disease

Elevated levels of galectin-3 have been found to be significantly associated with higher risk of death in both acute decompensated heart failure and chronic heart failure populations. [24] [25] In normal human, murine, and rat cells galectin-3 levels are low. However, as heart disease progresses, significant upregulation of galectin-3 occurs in the myocardium. [26]

Galectin-3 also may be used as a biomarker to identify at risk individuals, and predict patient response to different drugs and therapies. For instance, galectin-3 levels could be used in early detection of failure-prone hearts and lead to intervention strategies including broad spectrum anti-inflammatory agents. [13] One study concluded that individuals with systolic heart failure of ischaemic origin and elevated galectin-3 levels may benefit from statin treatment. [27] Galectin-3 has also been associated as a factor promoting ventricular remodeling following mitral valve repair, and may identify patients requiring additional therapies to obtain beneficial reverse remodeling. [28]

Cancer

The wide variety of effects of galectin-3 on cancerous cells are due to the unique structure and various interaction properties of the molecule. Overexpression and changes in the localization of galectin-3 molecules affects the prognosis of the patient and targeting the actions of galectin-3 poses a promising therapeutic strategy for the development of effective therapeutic agents for cancer treatment.

Overexpression and changes in sub- and inter-cellular localization of galectin-3 are commonly seen in cancerous conditions. The many interaction and binding properties of galectin-3 influence various cell activities based on its location. Altered galectin-3 expression can affect cancer cell growth and differentiation, chemoattraction, apoptosis, immunosuppression, angiogenesis, adhesion, invasion and metastasis. [29]

Galectin-3 overexpression promotes neoplastic transformation and the maintenance of transformed phenotypes as well as enhances the tumour cell's adhesion to the extracellular matrix and increase metastatic spreading. Galectin-3 can be either an inhibitory or a promoting apoptotic depending on its sub-cellular localization. In immune regulation, galectin-3 can regulate immune cell activities and helps contribute to the tumour cell's evasion of the immune system. Galectin-3 also helps promote angiogenesis. [29]

The roles of galectins and galectin-3, in particular, in cancer have been heavily investigated. [30] Of note, galectin-3 has been suggested to play important roles in cancer metastasis. [31]

Clinical applications

Cardiovascular risk indicator

Chronic heart failure has been found to be indicated by a galectin-3 tests, using the ARCHITECT immunochemistry platform developed by BG Medicine and marketed by Abbott, helping to determine which patients are most at risk for the disease. This test is also offered on the VIDAS platform marketed by bioMérieux. [32] Pecta-Sol C binds to galectin-3 binding sites on the surfaces of cells as a preventative measure created by Isaac Eliaz in conjunction with EcoNugenics. [33]

Galectin-3 is upregulated in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The cells that receive galectin-3 stimulation (fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and myofibroblasts) upregulated the formation of fibrosis and collagen formation. [34] Fibrosis is necessary in many aspects of intrabody regeneration. The myocardial lining constantly undergoes necessary fibrosis, and the inhibition of galectin-3 interferes with myocardial fibrogenesis. A study concluded that pharmacological inhibition of galectin-3 attenuates cardiac fibrosis, LV dysfunction, and subsequent heart failure development. [34]

Drug development

Galecto Biotech in Sweden is focused on developing drugs targeting galectin-3 to treat fibrosis, specifically idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. [35] Galectin Therapeutics in the United States is also targeting galectins for clinical applications. Preclinical studies demonstrate that inhibition of galectin-3 significantly reduces portal hypertension and fibrosis. [36] Galectin Therapeutics galectin-3 inhibitor GR-MD-02 (belapectin) is currently in human clinical trials for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and for increasing the effectiveness and reducing side effects of cancer immunotherapy. [37] [38] [39]

Biomarkers

Galectin-3 is increasingly being used as a diagnostic marker for different cancers. It can be screened for and used as a prognostic factor to predict the progression of the cancer. Galectin-3 has varying effects in different types of cancer. [40] One approach to cancers with high galectin-3 expression is to inhibit galectin-3 to enhance treatment response. [41]

Interactions

LGALS3 has been shown to interact with LGALS3BP. [42] [43] [44]

In melanocytic cells LGALS3 gene expression may be regulated by MITF. [45]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cell adhesion</span> Process of cell attachment

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fibrosis</span> Excess connective tissue in healing

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Osteopontin</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Osteopontin (OPN), also known as bone /sialoprotein I, early T-lymphocyte activation (ETA-1), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), 2ar and Rickettsia resistance (Ric), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPP1 gene. The murine ortholog is Spp1. Osteopontin is a SIBLING (glycoprotein) that was first identified in 1986 in osteoblasts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">P-selectin</span> Type-1 transmembrane protein

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">RAGE (receptor)</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

RAGE, also called AGER, is a 35 kilodalton transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin super family which was first characterized in 1992 by Neeper et al. Its name comes from its ability to bind advanced glycation endproducts (AGE), which include chiefly glycoproteins, the glycans of which have been modified non-enzymatically through the Maillard reaction. In view of its inflammatory function in innate immunity and its ability to detect a class of ligands through a common structural motif, RAGE is often referred to as a pattern recognition receptor. RAGE also has at least one other agonistic ligand: high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1). HMGB1 is an intracellular DNA-binding protein important in chromatin remodeling which can be released by necrotic cells passively, and by active secretion from macrophages, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catenin beta-1</span> Mammalian protein found in humans

Catenin beta-1, also known as β-catenin (beta-catenin), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galectin</span> Protein family binding to β-galactoside sugars

Galectins are a class of proteins that bind specifically to β-galactoside sugars, such as N-acetyllactosamine, which can be bound to proteins by either N-linked or O-linked glycosylation. They are also termed S-type lectins due to their dependency on disulphide bonds for stability and carbohydrate binding. There have been about 15 galectins discovered in mammals, encoded by the LGALS genes, which are numbered in a consecutive manner. Only galectin-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, -7B, -8, -9, -9B, 9C, -10, -12, -13, -14, and -16 have been identified in humans. Galectin-5 and -6 are found in rodents, whereas galectin-11 and -15 are uniquely found in sheep and goats. Members of the galectin family have also been discovered in other mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, nematodes, sponges, and some fungi. Unlike the majority of lectins they are not membrane bound, but soluble proteins with both intra- and extracellular functions. They have distinct but overlapping distributions but found primarily in the cytosol, nucleus, extracellular matrix or in circulation. Although many galectins must be secreted, they do not have a typical signal peptide required for classical secretion. The mechanism and reason for this non-classical secretion pathway is unknown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ICAM3</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM3) also known as CD50, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ICAM3 gene. The protein is constitutively expressed on the surface of leukocytes, which are also called white blood cells and are part of the immune system. ICAM3 mediates adhesion between cells by binding to specific integrin receptors. It plays an important role in the immune cell response through its facilitation of interactions between T cells and dendritic cells, which allows for T cell activation. ICAM3 also mediates the clearance of cells undergoing apoptosis by attracting and binding macrophages, a type of cell that breaks down infected or dying cells through a process known as phagocytosis, to apoptotic cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galectin-1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Galectin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGALS1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Integrin beta 6</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Integrin beta-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGB6 gene. It is the β6 subunit of the integrin αvβ6. Integrins are αβ heterodimeric glycoproteins which span the cell’s membrane, integrating the outside and inside of the cell. Integrins bind to specific extracellular proteins in the extracellular matrix or on other cells and subsequently transduce signals intracellularly to affect cell behaviour. One α and one β subunit associate non-covalently to form 24 unique integrins found in mammals. While some β integrin subunits partner with multiple α subunits, β6 associates exclusively with the αv subunit. Thus, the function of ITGB6 is entirely associated with the integrin αvβ6.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGALS3BP</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Galectin-3-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGALS3BP gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CLC (gene)</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Galectin-10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CLC gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galectin-8</span> Protein found in humans

Galectin-8 is a protein of the galectin family that in humans is encoded by the LGALS8 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galectin-9</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Galectin-9 was first isolated from mouse embryonic kidney in 1997 as a 36 kDa beta-galactoside lectin protein. Human galectin-9 is encoded by the LGALS9 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galectin-2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Galectin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGALS2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HAVCR2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2), also known as T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAVCR2 (TIM-3) gene. HAVCR2 was first described in 2002 as a cell surface molecule expressed on IFNγ producing CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ Tc1 cells. Later, the expression was detected in Th17 cells, regulatory T-cells, and innate immune cells. HAVCR2 receptor is a regulator of the immune response.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galectin-7</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Galectin-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGALS7 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galectin-4</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Galectin-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGALS4 gene.

MFAP4 is an extracellular matrix protein encoded by the MFAP4 gene. It is part of the MFAP family of proteoglycans, which are involved in cell adhesion, intercellular interactions and the assembly and/or maintenance of elastic fibres.

References

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