Shalom Shlomo | |
---|---|
Born | 1943 (age 80–81) |
Nationality | American |
Occupation(s) | Nuclear physicist, academic, and author |
Awards | Eminent Scientist Award, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Japan (2000) S. Davydov Award, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (2011) |
Academic background | |
Education | BSc in Physics MSc in Nuclear Physics PhD in Nuclear Physics |
Alma mater | Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot |
Thesis | Coulomb Energies and Charge Distributions in Nuclei (1973) |
Academic work | |
Institutions | Texas A&M University (TAMU) |
Shalom Shlomo is a nuclear physicist,academic,and author. He is a Senior Scientist and Group Leader at the Cyclotron Institute of the Texas A&M University (TAMU). [1]
Shlomo's research delves into the microscopic theory of nuclear structure and reactions,focusing on both static and dynamic properties of nuclei as many-body systems,with his publications including journal papers and the book Mean Field Theory,co-authored with Vladimir M. Kolomietz. He has been awarded the S. Davydov Award from the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and the Eminent Scientist Award from The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN),Japan. [2]
Shlomo has been a Fellow and Chartered Physicist of the Institute of Physics since 2001 [3] and a Fellow of the American Physical Society since 2008. [4]
Shlomo completed his B.Sc. in physics with a major in mathematics from the Hebrew University of Israel from 1961 to 1964. He then pursued an M.Sc. in Nuclear Physics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel in 1966,with a thesis titled "Shell-Model Binding Energies of Nuclei in the Zr Region," under the supervision of Nissan Zeldes. He obtained his Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot Israel in 1973,with his doctoral thesis "Coulomb Energies and Charge Distributions in Nuclei," supervised by Igal Talmi. [5]
Shlomo was a research associate at the Michigan State University in E. Lansing from 1973 to 1975. Following this,from 1976 to 1978,he was a Minerva Fellow at the Max Planck Institute of Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg,Germany,and served as a senior lecturer at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem,Israel,from 1979 to 1980,and then joined TAMU in 1981,initially as a research scientist at the Cyclotron Institute until 1983. [4] Concurrently,he held positions in the Physics Department,starting as a visiting assistant in 1981,then becoming an associate in 1983,and a professor in 1985,continuing for a year until 1986. Since 1984,he has been serving as a senior scientist and group leader at the Cyclotron Institute at Texas A&M University. [1]
Shlomo's research in theoretical nuclear physics developed quantum and semi-classical approximations to study nuclei's static and dynamic properties,with contributions to nuclear structure,and reactions,and collaborations with theorists and experimentalists. His work has covered topics like shell-model spectroscopy,Coulomb displacement energies,giant resonances,nuclear matter's equation of state,and heavy-ion collisions. [6] In 2020,he co-authored the book Mean Field Theory with Vladimir M. Kolomietz,which explored the theoretical and experimental advancements in understanding the static and dynamic properties of atomic nuclei and many-body systems of strongly interacting neutrons and protons using concepts such as the mean field and beyond.
Shlomo's contributions to nuclear spectroscopy involve microscopic investigations of nuclear spectra using the shell model [7] [8] and collective models to understand energy levels,electric and magnetic moments,and transitions. His study highlighted shell model calculations,the development of new sum rules,and insights into the Interacting Boson Model. [9] [10] [11] In related research,he also used the simulated annealing method to optimize Skyrme parameter values for effective nucleon-nucleon interactions by fitting them to extensive experimental data on nuclear properties. [12]
Shlomo's work addressed the Coulomb energy problem,specifically the Nolen-Schiffer anomaly (NSA),where mean-field approaches calculate CDE to be about 7% lower than experimental values. He performed microscopic calculations of CDE,and charge radii,examining various correction terms such as center-of-mass motion,finite size effects,charge symmetry breaking (CSB),and long correlations (LRC). His findings linked CDE to neutron-proton radius differences,and confirmed that relativistic mean-field calculations for CDE are consistent with non-relativistic Skyrme Hartree-Fock results. He also found that the contributions due to CSB and LRC resolved the NSA discrepancy. [13]
Shlomo also worked on quantum mechanical theory and semi-classical approximations using the Wigner phase space distribution function. [14] He explored the expressions for the Wigner Transform and the Pauli blocking factor,introducing one-way current for studying heavy ion collisions,assessing the accuracy of level density approximations, [15] and deriving the pressure and equation of state for finite nuclei using the extended Thomas-Fermi approximation. [16]
Shlomo developed and applied a modern nuclear energy density functional (EDF) to describe the properties of nuclei and nuclear matter. Using the simulated annealing method,he determined the parameters of the Skyrme type nucleon-nucleon interaction by fitting an extensive set of experimental data on binding energies,radii,and isoscalar giant monopole energies,while imposing constraints like Landau's stability conditions. [12] Additionally,he utilized 33 energy density functionals to perform Hartree-Fock based random phase approximation calculations of isoscalar and isovector giant resonances,deducing constraints on nuclear matter properties. [17] Building upon his work on nuclear energy density,a consistency with experimental data was revealed by the Hartree-Fock calculations of neutron skin thickness and RPA of the electric dipole polarizability of 208Pb,challenging previous literature. [18] [19] He also reviewed the incompressibility coefficient 𝐾of symmetric nuclear matter,vital for understanding the equation of state near the saturation point,using experimental data on nuclear compression modes analyzed through microscopic RPA theory. [20]
In nuclear physics,the island of stability is a predicted set of isotopes of superheavy elements that may have considerably longer half-lives than known isotopes of these elements. It is predicted to appear as an "island" in the chart of nuclides,separated from known stable and long-lived primordial radionuclides. Its theoretical existence is attributed to stabilizing effects of predicted "magic numbers" of protons and neutrons in the superheavy mass region.
In computational physics and chemistry,the Hartree–Fock (HF) method is a method of approximation for the determination of the wave function and the energy of a quantum many-body system in a stationary state.
Jellium,also known as the uniform electron gas (UEG) or homogeneous electron gas (HEG),is a quantum mechanical model of interacting electrons in a solid where the positive charges are assumed to be uniformly distributed in space;the electron density is a uniform quantity as well in space. This model allows one to focus on the effects in solids that occur due to the quantum nature of electrons and their mutual repulsive interactions without explicit introduction of the atomic lattice and structure making up a real material. Jellium is often used in solid-state physics as a simple model of delocalized electrons in a metal,where it can qualitatively reproduce features of real metals such as screening,plasmons,Wigner crystallization and Friedel oscillations.
The nuclear force is a force that acts between hadrons,most commonly observed between protons and neutrons of atoms. Neutrons and protons,both nucleons,are affected by the nuclear force almost identically. Since protons have charge +1 e,they experience an electric force that tends to push them apart,but at short range the attractive nuclear force is strong enough to overcome the electrostatic force. The nuclear force binds nucleons into atomic nuclei.
Electronic correlation is the interaction between electrons in the electronic structure of a quantum system. The correlation energy is a measure of how much the movement of one electron is influenced by the presence of all other electrons.
In computational chemistry,post–Hartree–Fock (post-HF) methods are the set of methods developed to improve on the Hartree–Fock (HF),or self-consistent field (SCF) method. They add electron correlation which is a more accurate way of including the repulsions between electrons than in the Hartree–Fock method where repulsions are only averaged.
Cluster decay,also named heavy particle radioactivity,heavy ion radioactivity or heavy cluster decay,is a rare type of nuclear decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a small "cluster" of neutrons and protons,more than in an alpha particle,but less than a typical binary fission fragment. Ternary fission into three fragments also produces products in the cluster size.
Koopmans' theorem states that in closed-shell Hartree–Fock theory (HF),the first ionization energy of a molecular system is equal to the negative of the orbital energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). This theorem is named after Tjalling Koopmans,who published this result in 1934.
Spartan is a molecular modelling and computational chemistry application from Wavefunction. It contains code for molecular mechanics,semi-empirical methods,ab initio models,density functional models,post-Hartree–Fock models,and thermochemical recipes including G3(MP2) and T1. Quantum chemistry calculations in Spartan are powered by Q-Chem.
Understanding the structure of the atomic nucleus is one of the central challenges in nuclear physics.
Hybrid functionals are a class of approximations to the exchange–correlation energy functional in density functional theory (DFT) that incorporate a portion of exact exchange from Hartree–Fock theory with the rest of the exchange–correlation energy from other sources. The exact exchange energy functional is expressed in terms of the Kohn–Sham orbitals rather than the density,so is termed an implicit density functional. One of the most commonly used versions is B3LYP,which stands for "Becke,3-parameter,Lee–Yang–Parr".
The nuclear drip line is the boundary beyond which atomic nuclei are unbound with respect to the emission of a proton or neutron.
Gerald Edward Brown was an American theoretical physicist who worked on nuclear physics and astrophysics. Since 1968 he had been a professor at the Stony Brook University. He was a distinguished professor emeritus of the C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics at Stony Brook University.
Abraham Klein was an American theoretical physicist.
The light-front quantization of quantum field theories provides a useful alternative to ordinary equal-time quantization. In particular,it can lead to a relativistic description of bound systems in terms of quantum-mechanical wave functions. The quantization is based on the choice of light-front coordinates,where plays the role of time and the corresponding spatial coordinate is . Here, is the ordinary time, is a Cartesian coordinate,and is the speed of light. The other two Cartesian coordinates, and ,are untouched and often called transverse or perpendicular,denoted by symbols of the type . The choice of the frame of reference where the time and -axis are defined can be left unspecified in an exactly soluble relativistic theory,but in practical calculations some choices may be more suitable than others. The basic formalism is discussed elsewhere.
In nuclear physics,ab initio methods seek to describe the atomic nucleus from the bottom up by solving the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation for all constituent nucleons and the forces between them. This is done either exactly for very light nuclei or by employing certain well-controlled approximations for heavier nuclei. Ab initio methods constitute a more fundamental approach compared to e.g. the nuclear shell model. Recent progress has enabled ab initio treatment of heavier nuclei such as nickel.
John William Negele is an American theoretical nuclear physicist.
David Maurice Brink was an Australian-British nuclear physicist. He is known for the Axel-Brink hypothesis.
Joel Marshall Moss is an American experimental nuclear physicist.
Dominique Vautherin was a French theoretical physicist,specializing in nuclear physics.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)