The Communist Party of India (CPI) is the oldest communist party in India. The CPI was founded in modern-day Kanpur on 26 December 1925.
All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) is an alliance of 26 political,social and religious organizations formed on 9 March 1993,as a united political front to raise the cause of Kashmiri independence in the Kashmir conflict. Mehmood Ahmed Saghar was the first convener of the APHC-PAK chapter when the alliance was established in 1993. The alliance has historically been viewed positively by Pakistan as it contests the claim of the Indian government over the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The organisation is split into two main factions,those being the Mirwaiz and Geelani factions. Mirwaiz Umar Farooq is the founder and chairman of Mirwaiz faction and Masarat Alam Bhat is the interim chairman of Geelani faction,who succeeded Syed Ali Shah Geelani,the founder of the faction after his death.
Vadakkoot Viswanatha Menon,also known as Ambadi Viswam,was an Indian politician and was the former minister in the southern state of Kerala in India. He had also served as a member in the Indian Parliament.
Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari was an Indian nationalist and political leader,and former president of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League during the Indian Independence Movement. He was one of the founders of Jamia Millia Islamia University. He remained it's chancellor from 1928 to 1936.
Although India is a parliamentary democracy,the country's politics has become dynastic or with high level of nepotism,possibly due to the absence of party organizations,independent civil-society associations which mobilize support for a party,or centralized financing of elections. The dynastic phenomenon is present at the national,state,regional,and district level. The Nehru–Gandhi family has produced three Indian prime ministers,and family members have largely led the Congress party since 1978. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) also has several dynastic leaders. In addition to the major national parties,other national and regional parties such as Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK),Shiromani Akali Dal,Shiv Sena,Samajwadi Party,Rashtriya Janata Dal,Janata Dal Secular,Jharkhand Mukti Morcha,Kerala Congress,Jammu &Kashmir National Conference,Indian Union Muslim League,AIMIM,and the Nationalist Congress Party are all dominated by families,mostly those of the party founders.
Begum Noor Bano served as a Member of Parliament in the 11th Lok Sabha and 13th Lok Sabha,lower house of parliament of India. She was elected from Rampur on the ticket of Indian National Congress party.
Hannan Mollah is an Indian communist politician and a senior leader of the All India Kisan Sabha. He was the member of Indian parliament and elected as the Lok Sabha for eight times from constituency of Uluberia in Howrah district of West Bengal,mollah is the member of Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
Gurudas Dasgupta was an Indian politician and a leader of the Communist Party of India. In the 1950s and 60s,he held several offices as a student leader. Later he was a member of Rajya Sabha for three terms from 1985 to 2000 and of Lok Sabha for two terms from 2004 to 2014.
Ram Chandra Dome is an Indian politician and a Politburo member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). A doctor by profession,he was elected to the Lok Sabha for seven consecutive terms. He is the first member from the scheduled castes to be inducted in the politburo. He has also been serving as the national general secretary of Dalit Shoshan Mukti Mancha,CPI(M)'s frontal organisation for backward castes,since 2018.
Afzal Ansari is an Indian politician of the Samajwadi Party and currently an incumbent Member of Parliament (MP) of Lok Sabha for Ghazipur constituency in Uttar Pradesh. He won the 2004,2019,and 2024 general elections.
Muzaffar Ahmad was an Indian-Bengali politician,journalist and a co-founder of the Communist Party of India.
Shripad Amrit Dange was an Indian politician who was a founding member of the Communist Party of India (CPI) and a stalwart of Indian trade union movement. During the 20th century,Dange was arrested by the authorities for communist and trade union activities and was jailed for an overall period of 13 years.
Socialism in India is a political movement founded early in the 20th century,as a part of the broader movement to gain Indian independence from colonial rule. The movement grew quickly in popularity as it espoused the causes of India's farmers and labourers against the zamindars,the princely class and the landed gentry. After independence and until the early 1990s,socialism shaped some economic and social policies of the Indian government,although they mostly followed the principles of dirigisme. After this period,India moved towards a more market-based economy,though,India is officially declared a socialist state as per the constitution.
Nagapattinam is a Lok Sabha constituency in Tamil Nadu. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 29 of 39. The seat is reserved for scheduled castes. The constituency is noted for being an historically communist stronghold,having elected Communist Party of India parliamentary representative seven times.
Saifuddin Choudhury,was an Indian politician who was a CPI(M) leader and MP from West Bengal state of India. In February 2001 he formed Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS).
Hirendranath Mukhopadhyay,also known as Hiren Mukerjee,was an Indian politician,lawyer and academic. He was a member of the Communist Party of India having joined in 1936 when it was still illegal. He was elected to the Lok Sabha the lower house of the Indian Parliament from the Calcutta North East constituency in 1951,1957,1962,1967 and 1971. He suffered an electoral reverse when he lost to Pratap Chandra Chunder in 1977 after the CPI supported Emergency.
Z. A. Ahmed was an Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh,belonging to the Communist Party of India. In the 1930s,acting on instructions from the CPI,he joined the Congress Socialist Party in which he served as All India Joint Secretary. After a brief period in exile in Pakistan in the 1940s,Ahmed returned to India and became Secretary of the Uttar Pradesh Committee of the CPI. He subsequently served in the Rajya Sabha for four terms,his last term ending in 1994.
The partial list of political families of Uttar Pradesh state of India and their notable members:
Ansari or Al Ansari is a typically Muslim surname mainly found in the Middle East and South Asia. People with the surname Al-Ansari or Ansari are said to be the descendants of the Ansar tribesmen of Medina. Notable Ansaris include:
In 1964,a major split occurred in the Communist Party of India. The split was the culmination of decades of tensions and factional infighting. When India became independent in 1947,differences arose of how to adapt to the new situation. As relations between the Nehru government and the Soviet Union improved,a faction that sought cooperation with the dominant Indian National Congress emerged within CPI. This tendency was led by S.A. Dange,whose role in the party hierarchy became increasingly controversial. When the Sino-Indian War broke out in 1962 Dange's opponents within CPI were jailed,but when they were released they sought to challenge his leadership. In 1964 the party was finally divided into two,with the left faction forming the Communist Party of India (Marxist). The split had a lot of regional variations. It also impacted other organizations,such as trade union and peasant movements. The split has been studied extensively by scholars,who have sought to analyze the various domestic and international factors involved.
