Siege of Djibo

Last updated
Siege of Djibo
Part of the Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso and Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
WFP helicopter Djibo.png
World Food Programme helicopter landing in besieged Djibo, September 2022
Date16/17 February 2022 – present
(2 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)
Location
Djibo, Burkina Faso
14°06′04″N01°37′50″W / 14.10111°N 1.63056°W / 14.10111; -1.63056
Belligerents
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso
Flag of France.svg  France [1] (until February 2023) [2]
Supported by:
Flag of the United Nations.svg  United Nations (food supplies) [3]

AQMI Flag.svg Ansar ul Islam [4]
Flag of Jihad.svg Al-Qaeda [5]

Commanders and leaders
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg William Baguera [6] Jafar Dicko (Ansar ul Islam) [7]
Tidiane Djibrilou Dicko  † (JNIM) [5]
Units involved

Burkina Faso Armed Forces

Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland (VDP) [10]
French Air Force [1] (until February 2023)

Several JNIM groups [11]

  • Tidiane Djibrilou Dicko's "katiba" [5]
Burkina Faso location map.svg
Red pog.svg
class=notpageimage|
Location within Burkina Faso

The siege of Djibo [12] is an ongoing blockade of the city of Djibo in Burkina Faso by several factions of Jihadist Islamist rebels. The siege began in February 2022, and is part of the Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso.

Contents

Djibo is located in Burkina Faso's north, an area which is one of the centers of Jihadist rebel activity. Since the start of the Jihadist insurgency in 2015, the city was gradually isolated from the rest of the country as the rebels increased their attacks. From early 2022, the rebels organized a large-scale blockade by first evicting villagers from the territories around Djibo, forcing the refugees to seek shelter in the settlement. They then began to attack the local infrastructure, prevented people from leaving Djibo, and ambushed supply convoys to the city, subjecting its inhabitants to starvation. Though the Burkinabé security forces have been able to occasionally transport new supplies to Djibo, the situation of the encircled population became increasingly difficult as months passed. Negotiations between government representatives and insurgents, aimed at ending the siege peacefully, were sabotaged by pro-government militias. By early 2023, the blockade had been strengthened to the point that Djibo was mainly supplied via airlift.

Background

Djibo serves as the capital of Soum Province [12] and was originally one of the most important hubs of cattle trade in the Sahel. [13] From the start of the Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso in 2015, the area around Djibo was a center for rebel activity. [8] [14] As the fighting escalated, the city was increasingly isolated by rebels. [14] Local officials and security forces were already fearing constant attacks by 2019, and France24 described Djibo as "liv[ing] as though in a state of siege". [15] Insecurity in the area further worsened from November 2021. [13]

As villages in Soum Province became more exposed to rebel attacks, many people fled from the rural areas and sought safety in Djibo. [13] In January 2022, the Burkina Faso Armed Forces launched Operation Laabingol 1 and destroyed several insurgent camps in the north, mostly in Soum Province. In response, the rebels aimed at attacking the 14th Inter-Arms Regiment which is based at Djibo. [8]

Siege

Initial encirclement and negotiation attempts

The siege began on 16 or 17 February 2022. [4] [8] Jihadist forces surrounded the city, preventing locals from leaving as well as supplies from coming into the settlement. [4] [12] The rebels intercepted public transport buses and goods trucks between Bourzanga and Namssiguia, informing the drivers that they would be executed if any of them tried to enter Djibo. They also toured villages around the city, telling the locals to leave within three days. The settlements of Baagadoumba, Baama, Mandali, Sintaou, Firguindi, Djaw djaw, Baakoore, Senobaani, and Inagani were abandoned, and its inhabitants relocated to Djibo, while the population of Ganoua, Sè, Petelthioudi, Pilaadi and Simbè were taken hostage by the jihadists and forbidden from entering the city. [8] Thus, the city's population increased from 60,000 [13] to 200,000–300,000 people. [12] [13] By forcing much of the local population into a very confined area within the city boundaries, the rebels put pressure on the security forces, destroyed the local economy, and made it more difficult for the government to supply Dijbo. [8]

The besieging rebels belong to several groups, including Ansar ul Islam [4] and al-Qaeda-linked JNIM. [5] [11] The rebels maintain the siege by regularly ambushing supply convoys, mining the roads into the city, [16] erecting checkpoints, [14] and destroying the local water infrastructure. [13] By early March, shortages of food and water were already creating a "dire humanitarian situation". [12] The Burkina Faso Air Force bombed jihadists near Djibo from 20 to 22 March, reportedly killing 53. [17] On the other side, the rebels attacked the city in the same month, damaging the local water facilities. Before retreating, the rebel raiders reportedly told the locals that they would inflict a "Ukrainian death" (French: "la mort ukrainienne") on the city, referencing the then-ongoing Siege of Mariupol. [18]

In April, the Burkinabé military junta attempted to organize talks with the rebels to lift the siege. [7] The Emir of Djibo Boubacari Dicko, his advisors and other local dignitaries met with Ansar ul Islam commanders near the town, as the insurgents preferred to negotiate with these individuals rather than regular government officials. [4] [18] Ansar ul Islam demanded that the inhabitants of Djibo close all their bars, stop arrests, and that the men should grow beards and wear short pants in accordance with their Islamist clothing standards. In addition, the city was supposed to become neutral in the insurgency. The emir told the rebels that these demands were difficult to fulfill, though he and the other representatives would try as long as the siege was lifted. [18] Despite the vagueness of this response, Ansar ul Islam leader Jafar Dicko agreed to ease his group's blockade of the city [7] [4] on 20/21 April. [18] [19] The Burkina Faso Armed Forces were thus able to escort a convoy of 100 food trucks to Dijbo. However, the agreement only involved groups not linked to al-Qaeda and the Islamic State; [19] rebel factions belonging to these organizations thus continued their attacks in the area. [5] In addition, the military reportedly tried to prevent free movement out of Djibo, as it feared that locals might smuggle food to the besieging rebels. [13] Abuses committed by the military and pro-government VDP militias against civilians in Djibo ultimately "scuttled the dialogue aiming to lift the blockade on the town". [10] As 20 civilians attempted to leave Djibo, they were murdered by the VDPs. The VDP militiamen, many of whom were not locals, were fiercely opposed to any compromise with the jihadists. [18]

Growing pressure

[...] carcasses of trucks and cars having hit mines, blown up bridges, electric poles on the ground or bent, and ghost villages where people have stormed off, abandoning everything.

—Journalist Ada Liradan Philippe describing the route from Bourzanga to Djibo by May 2022 [lower-alpha 1]

By May, the city was once again mostly cut off from outside aid, and suffered under food and water shortages. [13] On 26 May, an airstrike by the Burkina Faso Air Force killed JNIM commander Tidiane Djibrilou Dicko and ten other militants near Djibo. [5] On 2 June, rebels raided the city and bombarded two local security forces bases, killing a soldier and four VDPs. This attack further demoralized the local population, and when a convoy of traders attempted to leave the city for the south, so many people tried to climb onto their trucks to escape Djibo that the convoy had to be cancelled. [18] In July, the rebels blew up two bridges to Djibo, further hindering any attempts to supply the city by land. [20] In early August, a military convoy to Djibo was struck by a roadside bomb, killing 15 soldiers. At this point, most people in Djibo had access to one meal per day at most, and many had begun resorting to eating tree leaves. [21]

On 5 September, a roadside bomb hit a supply convoy from Bourzanga which was trying to reach Djibo; 35 people were killed and dozens injured. [16] On 26 September, a supply convoy to Djibo was ambushed by JNIM. The ambush killed 26 soldiers, 10 civilians, and left 95 vehicles destroyed. [22] [23] Burkinabé officers requested support by the forces involved in Operation Barkhane, and the French Air Force intervened to save what remained of the beset convoy. [1] This ambush further undermined public confidence in Interim President Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba's government, [23] and possibly contributed to his overthrow on 30 September. [14] [24] By early October, Djibo was mainly supplied by humanitarian flights. [14] On 24 October, JNIM insurgents assaulted the 14th Inter-Arms Regiment's base in Djibo, killing at least ten soldiers and wounding 40 more. Security forces stated that the attackers suffered 18 dead. [25] [26] JNIM claimed that it had also freed 67 prisoners during the raid, and captured 400 "light weapons". [26]

By early November, thousands of civilians had fled Djibo. Facing mass starvation and no longer believing that the government could break the siege, they had opted to risk a trek through rebel-held areas. [27] A spokesman for a group of civil society organisations in the Soum Province declared that the "situation is catastrophic in Djibo", referencing that at least 15 people had died of hunger in the city in the month of October. Meanwhile, Burkina Faso's new President, Ibrahim Traoré, visited Djibo, expressing horror at seeing "children who have skin on their bones, the old people who are dying of hunger, the women who can no longer breastfeed because they have nothing left in their breasts". [28] He also used the occasion to laud the 14th Inter-Arms Regiment for their role in defending Djibo. [29] In the same month, army soldiers and VDP militiamen reportedly attacked villages near Djibo and killed local civilians, resulting in calls for an investigation by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. [30]

By December, 370,000 people remained besieged in Djibo, with the local civilians forced to exist largely on the consumption of wild leaves. Many had to regularly go hungry for several days before receiving food packages by the government or NGOs. [31] At this point, food supplies almost exclusively reached the city via an airlift organized by the UN World Food Programme. [3] At this point, the Burkinabe government became increasingly critical of certain foreign powers in regards to the Islamist insurgency, blaming France for the situation and accusing Barbara Manzi, United Nations representative for Burkina Faso, of cooperating with the rebels besieging Djibo. [32] In February 2023, the junta demanded that all French forces leave the country; France subsequently terminated its military support mission. Instead, the Burkinabe government declared its intention to seek support from Russia. [2] Meanwhile, conditions in Djibo continued to detoriate. [33] On 21 March, a military-protected supply convoy managed to reach Djibo for the first time since November; the convoy, consisting of 74 trucks, brought not just a large amount of food, but also military supplies for the 14th Inter-Arms Regiment. [3]

In late June, another convoy reached Djibo to deliver supplies. However, the convoy was ambushed at Namsiguia on its way back, resulting in the deaths of at least 31 soldiers and three VDP militiamen. Several more militiamen were reported as missing, while army officials claimed that over 40 attackers had been killed. [34] [35]

November 2023 assault

On 26 November 2023, a large contingent of JNIM insurgents stormed Djibo using motorcycles and pickup trucks [36] after shelling the area first. [37] Security forces later claimed that the rebel force had included around 3,000 militants who had attacked in waves, starting at around 2:00 or 3:00 pm. [36] [37] Government forces admitted that the JNIM insurgents had been able to penetrate the local military base and kill several Burkinabe soldiers, though the number was not specified. [36] According to local sources, the rebels completely overran the base. [37] In other parts of the town, JNIM fighters attacked homes, camps, and shops. They killed at least 40 civilians and injured 42 more. [38] The jihadists burned down 20 shops and three sites for displaced people. [39]

The attack lasted for about three hours, [40] and most rebels soon began to retreat, taking much loot with them, including guns, ammunition, and even armored vehicles. By 6:00 pm, most insurgents had left Djibo; at this point, the Burkinabe Air Force began to attack the rebels. [37] According to security forces, a counter-attack by ground forces aided by the Air Force drove the insurgents from the city. [36] The government forces subsequently claimed that they had inflicted heavy casualties on the jihadists, and launched immediate counter-attacks; overall, the military claimed that it had killed over 400 rebels in and around Djibo in the span of two days. [36] [41] After the attack, Doctors Without Borders treated locals who had been injured during the fighting. [41] The overall situation in the area remained confused, though locals reported that the military had indeed retaken the local base. [37]

Continued operations

By mid-2024, the insurgents had further tightened the siege. One farmer reported that local civilians risked death or abduction by venturing just outside the city to tend to pea and millet fields. [42] In July, the local office of Doctors Without Borders came under fire during a rebel raid into Djibo. [43]

Reactions

In response to the November 2023 attack during the siege, the United Nations condemned the killings of dozens of civilians. [39] In a statement, UN spokesperson Seif Magango said, "Attacks on civilians are inexcusable and must stop, and those responsible must be held to account following thorough, impartial and independent investigations by the authorities." Magango also reiterated that the deliberate targeting of civilians and non-combatants is a war crime, and called on all parties to respect international humanitarian law. [44]

Notes

  1. ↑ Translated from French. In the original, this reads: "[...] des carcasses de camions et de voitures ayant percuté des mines, des ponts dynamités, des poteaux électriques à terre ou courbés, et des villages fantômes où les gens sont partis en trombe en abandonnant tout". [18]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso</span> Ongoing insurgency in Burkina Faso (2015–present)

An ongoing war and civil conflict between the Government of Burkina Faso and Islamist rebels began in August 2015 and has led to the displacement of over 2 million people and the deaths of at least 10,000 civilians and combatants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland</span> Armed group in Burkina Faso

The Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland is an armed self-defense group in Burkina Faso created to fight jihadist insurgents. It is an auxiliary force supporting the Burkina Faso Armed Forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamist insurgency in the Sahel</span> Insurgency throughout the Sahel and West Africa

An Islamist insurgency has been ongoing in the Sahel region of West Africa since the 2011 Arab Spring. In particular, the intensive conflict in the three countries of Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso has been referred to as the Sahel War.

On August 9, 2022, two bombings in Namssiguia, Bam Province, Burkina Faso killed 15 Burkinabe soldiers and injured an unknown number of others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état</span> Military coup détat in 2022

A coup d'état took place in Burkina Faso on 30 September 2022, removing Interim President Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba over his alleged inability to deal with the country's Islamist insurgency. Damiba had come to power in a coup d'état eight months earlier. Captain Ibrahim Traoré took over as interim leader.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ibrahim Traoré</span> Military leader of Burkina Faso since 2022

Ibrahim Traoré is a Burkinabè military officer who has been the interim leader of Burkina Faso since the September 2022 coup d'état that ousted interim president Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba. At age 36, Traoré is currently the second youngest serving state leader in the world, and the youngest serving president.

On August 4, 2022, jihadist militants ambushed a counter-terrorism operation organized by the Burkina Faso Armed Forces, killing four civilians and nine VDP militiamen. The Burkinabe government claimed that thirty-four insurgents were killed immediately after the attack.

On September 5, 2022, a bus travelling from Djibo to the Burkinabe capital of Ouagadougou hit a mine outside the town of Silgadji, killing 35 people and injured dozens more.

On September 26, 2022, a convoy bound for the besieged city of Djibo in northern Burkina Faso was attacked by armed gunmen, killing 27 soldiers and 10 civilians. The Mali-based jihadist group Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM) claimed responsibility for the attack. The Gaskinde attack was a key reason for the September 30 coup in Burkina Faso, as many frontline officers were disgruntled about Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba's handling of the jihadist insurgency.

On April 8, 2022, unknown jihadists ambushed a Burkinabe military base near the town of Namissiguima, in Sanmatenga Province, Burkina Faso.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Boala attack</span>

On December 7, 2022, ten Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland militants, a Burkinabe civilian militia, were killed at a market in Boala Department, Centre-Nord Region, Burkina Faso. A second attack on December 10 killed seven civilians.

On December 30, 2022, dozo militants affiliated with the Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland (VDP) killed over 88 civilians in Nouna, Burkina Faso.

On October 29, 2022, gunmen from Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin ambushed a convoy of Burkinabé soldiers near the village of Kikideni while they were on their way from Fada N'gourma to Natiaboani, Est Region, Burkina Faso.

On January 12 and 13, 2023, jihadists kidnapped sixty-six people in two separate incidents near Arbinda, Burkina Faso. The abducted civilians were eventually freed by the Burkinabe military on January 20. The kidnappings were the first of their kind to target women during the insurgency.

On January 11, 2023, unknown jihadists killed nine civilians at a mosque in Goulgountou, Burkina Faso.

On January 28, 2023, suspected Islamic State jihadists attacked Burkinabe soldiers and Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland (VDP) militiamen in the city of Falagountou, Burkina Faso.

Between November 2019 and June 2020, the bodies of over 180 civilians were discovered in and around the city of Djibo, Burkina Faso. Most of the killings targeted Fulani, and were committed by Burkinabe Armed Forces, Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland (VDP), and Defense and Security Forces (FDS). Several mass graves were made for the victims in March and April 2020.

On November 24, 2023, jihadist militants from Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM) attacked Malian forces at Niafunké, Mali.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Sophie Douce (29 September 2022). "Burkina Faso : à Djibo, une vie sous blocus djihadiste". LeMonde (in French). Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  2. 1 2 "French army officially ends operations in Burkina Faso". France 24. 20 February 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 Thibault, Guillaume (22 March 2023). "Burkina Faso: un convoi de ravitaillement est arrivé à Djibo". rfi (in French). Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sophie Douce (6 May 2022). "Burkina Faso attempts difficult talks with jihadist groups". LeMonde. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Burkina Army Kills Jihadist Chief, Say Security Sources". Defense Post. 1 June 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  6. ↑ "Burkina Faso: la valse des bérets se poursuit au sein des Forces armées nationales". aujourd8.net (in French). 16 December 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 Sam Mednick (27 April 2022). "Burkina Faso to support local talks with jihadists: A Q&A with the minister of reconciliation". The New Humanitarian. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Inoussa Sankara (24 February 2022). "Burkina Faso: les populations de Djibo appellent le MPSR de toute urgence,le récit d'une ville qui souffre le martyr entre les mains des terroristes". libreinfo.net (in French). Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  9. ↑ "Burkina Faso military leader says discussions ongoing to restore "calm and serenity"". Reuters. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  10. 1 2 "An Initial Assessment of Burkina Faso's Transitional Leadership". Crisis Group. 14 September 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  11. 1 2 "Burkina Faso: Humanitarian overview of Djibo town surrounded by armed groups - Briefing note – 19 October 2022". ACAPS. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "Siege of Djibo in Burkina Faso is a potential humanitarian disaster". Africanews. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mednick, Sam (27 May 2022). "African leaders gather for summit to address growing humanitarian needs on the continent". PBS. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Ndiaga, Thiam; Mimault, Anne (9 October 2022). "Thousands attend funeral of Burkina Faso soldiers killed in pre-coup ambush". Voice of America. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  15. ↑ "Inside Burkina Faso's failing fight against jihadism". France24. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  16. 1 2 Kabore, Arsene; Mednick, Sam (6 September 2022). "Suspected jihadi bomb hits convoy in Burkina Faso; 35 dead". Yahoo. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  17. ↑ "CrisisWatch. Tracking Conflict Worldwide. March 2022". Crisis Group. March 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Faivre, Agnès (26 July 2022). "Au Burkina Faso, la ville de Djibo sous blocus terroriste depuis cinq mois". Liberation (in French). Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  19. 1 2 "Burkina Faso attempts uncertain dialogue with armed groups". Africanews. 26 April 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  20. ↑ "Jihadist blow up two crucial bridges in Burkina Faso". Africanews. 22 July 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  21. ↑ Douce, Sophie (7 September 2022). "Au Burkina Faso, les djihadistes intensifient leur stratégie d'asphyxie des villes du Nord et de l'Est". LeMonde (in French). Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  22. ↑ van der Weide, Youri (18 November 2022). "Five Kilometres of Destruction: Satellite Imagery Reveals Extent of Damage to Civilian Convoy in Burkina Faso". bellingcat. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  23. 1 2 Wilkins, Henry (30 September 2022). "Heavy Gunfire in Burkina Faso Capital, Soldiers on Streets". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  24. ↑ "Burkina Faso's military leader ousted in second coup this year". The Guardian. 30 September 2022. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  25. ↑ "10 Burkina Faso Soldiers Killed, 50 Wounded in Army Base Attack". VOA. 24 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  26. 1 2 "Al-Qaida Jihadis Claim Earlier Deadly Attack in Burkina Faso". VOA. 28 October 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  27. ↑ Faivre, Agnès; Macé, Célian (12 November 2022). "Au Burkina Faso : à Djibo, ville assiégée et affamée, «les gens ont perdu espoir»". Liberation (in French). Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  28. ↑ "'Nothing To Eat': People Starve In Burkina Faso Town Under Jihadist Blockade". Barrons. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  29. ↑ "Lutte contre le terrorisme: Le Capitaine TRAORE au front". lefaso.net (in French). 7 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  30. ↑ Gänsler, Katrin (11 December 2022). "Flucht in der Region Sahel: Kein Ende des Terrors in Sicht". Die Tageszeitung: Taz (in German). Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  31. ↑ Gänsler, Katrin (12 December 2022). "Forced to eat leaves: Hungry and besieged in Burkina Faso". al-Jazeera. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  32. ↑ Gänsler, Katrin (3 January 2023). "Militärjunta in Burkina Faso: Neuer Ärger für Paris in Afrika". Die Tageszeitung: Taz (in German). Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  33. ↑ Amadou, Nafissa (9 February 2023). "La ville de Djibo toujours sous blocus". DW (in French). Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  34. ↑ "Burkina Faso - Escalation of violence and increased fighting (DG ECHO, Burkinabe press release, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 28 June 2023)". ECHO. 28 June 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  35. ↑ "Burkina: at least 34 soldiers and army auxiliaries killed in an attack". Africanews. 28 June 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 "Jihadists' Attack In Burkina Faso Claims Several Soldiers As Army Kills Over 400 Fighters". saharareporters.com. 28 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 Moussissa, Nancy-Wangue (27 November 2023). "Le flou autour de l'attaque à Djibo, au Burkina Faso". DW (in French). Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  38. ↑ "Africa news updates from the BBC". BBC News. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  39. 1 2 "World News in Brief: Burkina Faso attack, ending AIDS, Syrian child casualties, new UN migration ambassador | UN News". news.un.org. 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  40. ↑ Presse, AFP-Agence France. "Major Jihadist Attack In Northern Burkina Faso Town: Security Sources". www.barrons.com. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  41. 1 2 "Burkina Faso's state media says hundreds of rebels have been killed trying to seize vulnerable town". AP News. 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  42. ↑ Peltier, Elian (25 July 2024). "A Military Leader to His People: 'Fight or You Disappear'". New York Times. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  43. ↑ "Burkina MSF Office Targeted In 'Armed Attack': Statement". Barrons. Agence France Presse. 18 July 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  44. ↑ "Comment by UN Human Rights Office spokesperson Seif Magango after at least 40 civilians killed by JNIM in Burkina Faso". OHCHR . 28 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.