Silas Marner

Last updated

Silas Marner
Silas Marner 1.jpg
Title page of the first edition, 1861
Author George Eliot
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
Publisher William Blackwood and Sons
Publication date
1861
Preceded by The Mill on the Floss  
Followed by Romola  

Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe is the third novel by English author George Eliot. It was published in 1861. An outwardly simple tale of a linen weaver, the novel is notable for its strong realism and its sophisticated treatment of a variety of issues ranging from religion to industrialisation to community.

Contents

Plot summary

The novel is set in the early years of the 19th century. Silas Marner, a weaver, is a member of a small Calvinist congregation in Lantern Yard, a slum street in Northern England. He is falsely accused of stealing the congregation's funds while watching over the very ill deacon. Two pieces of evidence implicate Silas: a pocket knife, and the discovery of the bag formerly containing the money in his own house. There is the strong suggestion that Silas's best friend, William Dane, has framed him, since Silas had lent his pocket knife to William shortly before the crime was committed. Lots are drawn in the belief – also shared by Silas – that God will direct the process and establish the truth, but they indicate that Silas is guilty. The woman Silas was to marry breaks their engagement and marries William instead. With his life shattered, his trust in God lost, and his heart broken, Silas leaves Lantern Yard and the city for a rural area where he is unknown.

Silas travels south to the Midlands and settles near the rural village of Raveloe in Warwickshire where he lives isolated and alone, choosing to have only minimal contact with the residents beyond his work as a linen weaver. He devotes himself wholeheartedly to his craft and comes to adore the gold coins he earns and hoards from his weaving.

One foggy night, Silas's two bags of gold are stolen by Dunstan ("Dunsey") Cass, a dissolute younger son of Squire Cass, the town's leading landowner. On discovering the theft, Silas sinks into a deep depression despite the villagers' attempts to aid him. Dunsey immediately disappears, but the community makes little of this disappearance since he has vanished several times before.

Godfrey Cass, Dunsey's elder brother, also harbours a secret past. He is married to, but estranged from, Molly Farren, an opium-addicted working-class woman living in another town. This secret prevents Godfrey from marrying Nancy Lammeter, a young middle-class woman. On a winter's night, Molly tries to make her way to Squire Cass's New Year's Eve party with her two-year-old girl to announce that she is Godfrey's wife. On the way, she collapses in the snow and loses consciousness. The child wanders into Silas's house. Silas follows the child's tracks in the snow and discovers the woman dead. When he goes to the party for help, Godfrey heads outdoors to the scene of the accident, but resolves to tell no one that Molly was his wife. Molly's death, conveniently for Godfrey and Nancy, puts an end to the marriage.

Silas keeps the child and names her Eppie, after his deceased mother and sister, both named Hephzibah. Eppie changes Silas's life completely. Silas has been robbed of his material gold, but thinks that he has it returned to him symbolically in the form of the golden-haired child. Godfrey Cass is now free to marry Nancy, but continues to conceal the fact of his previous marriage—and child—from her. However, he aids Marner in caring for Eppie with occasional financial gifts. More practical help and support in bringing up the child is provided by Dolly Winthrop, Marner's kindly neighbour. Dolly's help and advice assist Marner not only in bringing up Eppie, but also in integrating them into village society.

Sixteen years pass, and Eppie grows up to be the pride of the village. She has a strong bond with Silas, who through her has found a place in the rural society and a purpose in life. Meanwhile, Godfrey and Nancy mourn their own childless state, after the death of their baby. Eventually, the skeleton of Dunstan Cass—still clutching Silas's gold—is found at the bottom of the stone quarry near Silas's home, and the money is duly returned to Silas. Shocked by this revelation, and coming to the realisation of his own conscience, Godfrey confesses to Nancy that Molly was his first wife and that Eppie is his child. They offer to raise her as a gentleman's daughter, but this would mean Eppie would have to forsake living with Silas. Eppie politely but firmly refuses, saying, "I can't think o' no happiness without him."

Silas revisits Lantern Yard, but his old neighbourhood has been "swept away" in the intervening years; the place is now replaced by a large factory. No one seems to know what happened to Lantern Yard's inhabitants. However, Silas contentedly resigns himself to the fact that he will never know and now leads a happy existence among his self-made family and friends. In the end, Eppie marries a local boy she has grown up with, Dolly's son Aaron, and they move into Silas's house, which has been newly improved courtesy of Godfrey. Silas's actions through the years in caring for Eppie have apparently provided joy for everyone, and the extended family celebrates its happiness.

Characters

"Silas finds Eppie" Silas and Eppie.jpg
"Silas finds Eppie"

Analysis

Lawrence Jay Dessner has drawn connections between the biographical circumstances of Eliot's life in relation to events in the novel. [1] Bruce K. Martin has discussed Eliot's use of Godfrey Cass as "both parallel and foil" to Silas Marner in the structure of the novel. [2] Fred C. Thomson has examined the multiple levels of the idea of alienation in the novel. [3] Joseph Wiesenfarth has noted undercurrents of myth and legend, incorporated into a 'realistic' context, along with contrasts of responsible and irresponsible behaviour in the contrasting fates of Silas Marner and the Cass brothers. [4] David Sonstroem has studied ideas of chance and Darwinian thinking in the context of the plot and character fates in the novel. [5] Susan Stewart has looked at the influence of folktales and ideology related to 'work' vs 'labour' in the novel. [6] Ian Milner has examined two overarching themes of Silas Marner's 'loss and recovery of his humanity', and of a conflict between stated moral values and the social realities juxtaposed with them. [7] Robert H. Dunham has analysed the influence of the ideas and philosophy of William Wordsworth on the novel. [8] Brian Swann has examined mythic and religious undertones in the novel. [9] Jeff Nunokawa analyses ideas about physical touch, with respect to Silas Marner's handling of his gold compared to his raising of Eppie, and connects them to sexual and sensual themes. [10] Kate E. Brown has discussed overarching themes of time and temporality, with respect to the interlocked stories of Godfrey Cass and Silas Marner. [11]

Adaptations

General and cited references

Citations

  1. Dessner, Lawrence Jay (Fall 1979). "The Autobiographical Matrix of Silas Marner". Studies in the Novel. 11 (3): 251–282. JSTOR   29531981.
  2. Martin, Bruce K (Fall 1972). "Similarity Within Dissimilarity: The Dual Structure of Silas Marner". Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 14 (3): 479–489. JSTOR   40754221.
  3. Thomson, Fred C (June 1965). "The Theme of Alienation in Silas Marner". Nineteenth-Century Fiction. 20 (1): 69–84. doi:10.2307/2932493. JSTOR   2932493.
  4. Wiesenfarth, Joseph (June 1970). "Demythologizing Silas Marner". ELH. 37 (2): 226–244. doi:10.2307/2872399. JSTOR   2872399.
  5. Sonstroem, David (October 1998). "The Breaks in Silas Marner". The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 97 (4): 545–567. JSTOR   20057796.
  6. Stewart, Susan (Summer 2003). "Genres of Work: The Folktale and Silas Marner". New Literary History. 34 (3): 513–533. doi:10.1353/nlh.2003.0037. JSTOR   20057796. S2CID   144288283.
  7. Milner, Ian (Autumn 1966). "Structure and Quality in Silas Marner". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 6 (4): 717–729. doi:10.2307/449365. JSTOR   449365.
  8. Dunham, Robert H (Autumn 1976). "Silas Marner and the Wordsworthian Child". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 16 (4): 645–659. doi:10.2307/450280. JSTOR   450280.
  9. Swann, Brian (Spring 1976). "Silas Marner and the New Mythus". Criticism. 18 (2): 101–121. JSTOR   23100082.
  10. Nunokawa, Jeff (Spring 1993). "The Miser's Two Bodies: Silas Marner and the Sexual Possibilities of the Commodity". Victorian Studies. 36 (3): 273–292. JSTOR   3828324.
  11. Brown, Kate E (Spring 1999). "Loss, Revelry, and the Temporal Measures of Silas Marner: Performance, Regret, Recollection". Novel: A Forum on Fiction. 32 (2): 222–249. doi:10.2307/1346224. JSTOR   1346224.
  12. "Silas Marner (1911)". IMDb.com. (Amazon). Archived from the original on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  13. "SIlas Marner's Christmas (1912)". IMDb.com. (Amazon). Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  14. "Silas Marner (1913)". IMDb.com. (Amazon). Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  15. "Silas Marner (1916)". IMDb.com. (Amazon). Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  16. Silas Marner (1916) remaining reels, Ned Thanhouser of the Thanhouser Film Corporation and Vimeo, 21 March 2011, archived from the original on 18 April 2015, retrieved 26 June 2014
  17. "Silas Marner (1922)". IMDb.com. (Amazon). Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  18. Illustrated London News . 18 November 1876, page 476
  19. Stedman, Jane W. (1996). W. S. Gilbert, A Classic Victorian & His Theatre. Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-816174-3. p. 141
  20. Bangaru Papa in Naati 101 Chitralu, S. V. Rama Rao, Kinnera Publications, Hyderabad, 2006, pp. 109–110
  21. "Silas Marner, John Joubert". Archived from the original on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  22. John Joubert: composer Archived 17 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  23. Nagendra (1981). Premchand: an anthology. Bansal. p. 70. OCLC   8668427.
  24. IMDB listing Archived 13 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2015-10-17
  25. Masterpiece Theater database Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2015-10-17
  26. Youtube link Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2015-10-17
  27. IMDB listing Archived 16 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2015-10-17

Related Research Articles

<i>Middlemarch</i> 1871–1872 novel by George Eliot

Middlemarch, A Study of Provincial Life is a novel by English author George Eliot, the pen name of Mary Ann Evans. It appeared in eight installments (volumes) in 1871 and 1872. Set in Middlemarch, a fictional English Midlands town, in 1829 to 1832, it follows distinct, intersecting stories with many characters. Issues include the status of women, the nature of marriage, idealism, self-interest, religion, hypocrisy, political reform, and education. Despite comic elements, Middlemarch uses realism to encompass historical events: the 1832 Reform Act, early railways, and the accession of King William IV. It looks at medicine of the time and reactionary views in a settled community facing unwelcome change. Eliot began writing the two pieces that formed the novel in 1869–1870 and completed it in 1871. Initial reviews were mixed, but it is now seen widely as her best work and one of the great English novels.

<i>The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling</i> Novel by Henry Fielding

The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, often known simply as Tom Jones, is a comic novel by English playwright and novelist Henry Fielding. It is a Bildungsroman and a picaresque novel. It was first published on 28 February 1749 in London and is among the earliest English works to be classified as a novel. It is the earliest novel mentioned by W. Somerset Maugham in his 1948 book Great Novelists and Their Novels among the ten best novels of the world.

<i>Wives and Daughters</i> 1864–1866 novel by Elizabeth Gaskell

Wives and Daughters, An Every-Day Story is a novel by English author Elizabeth Gaskell, first published in the Cornhill Magazine as a serial from August 1864 to January 1866. It was partly written whilst Gaskell was staying with the salon hostess Mary Elizabeth Mohl at her home on the Rue de Bac in Paris. When Mrs Gaskell died suddenly in 1865, it was not quite complete, and the last section was written by Frederick Greenwood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catalepsy</span> Psychomotor symptom of catatonia, abnormal maintenance of postures

Catalepsy is a nervous condition characterized by muscular rigidity and fixity of posture regardless of external stimuli, as well as decreased sensitivity to pain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squire</span> Shield- or armour-bearer of a knight

In the Middle Ages, a squire was the shield- or armour-bearer of a knight.

<i>Adam Bede</i> 1859 novel by George Eliot

Adam Bede was the first novel by English author George Eliot, first published in 1859. It was published pseudonymously, even though Evans was a well-published and highly respected scholar of her time. The novel has remained in print ever since and is regularly used in university studies of 19th-century English literature. She described the novel as "a country story full of the breath of cows and scent of hay".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roger de Coverley</span> Country dance

Roger deCoverley is the name of an English country dance and a Scottish country dance. An early version was published in The Dancing Master, 9th edition (1695). The Virginia Reel is probably related to it. The name refers to a fox, and the dance's steps are reminiscent of a hunted fox going in and out of cover.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Valda Valkyrien</span> American actress

Valda Valkyrien was a Danish silent film actress.

<i>A Simple Twist of Fate</i> 1994 film by Gillies MacKinnon

A Simple Twist of Fate is a 1994 American comedy-drama film directed by Gillies MacKinnon. The screenplay by Steve Martin is loosely based on the 1861 novel Silas Marner by George Eliot. Martin stars, along with Gabriel Byrne, Laura Linney, Catherine O'Hara and Stephen Baldwin.

"Eppie Morrie" is one of the Child Ballads, and is of Scottish origin. The author and date are unknown, and as is common with ballads of this type and period, several versions exist. It was printed in James Maidment's anthology A North Country Garland in 1824. That version is reprinted in James Kinsley's The Oxford Book of Ballads, 1969. Although the lyrics were transcribed by Francis James Child, it is uncertain if the original melody has been retained. The earliest recordings are from the performances of Jimmy MacBeath in 1951 and later Ewan MacColl; a more recent version by Andrew Calhoun forms part of his border folk song anthology Telfer's Cows.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hetty Sorrel</span>

Hetty Sorrel is a major character in George Eliot's novel Adam Bede (1859).

<i>Danl Druce, Blacksmith</i>

Dan'l Druce, Blacksmith is a play by W. S. Gilbert, styled "A Three-Act Drama of Puritan times". It opened at the Haymarket Theatre in London on 11 September 1876, starring Hermann Vezin, Johnston Forbes-Robertson and Marion Terry. The play was a success, running for about 100 performances and enjoying tours and several revivals. It was popular enough to be burlesqued in a contemporary work, Dan'l Tra-Duced, Tinker, at the Strand Theatre. In an 1894 revival, Nancy McIntosh played Dorothy.

<i>Sylvias Lovers</i> 1863 novel by Elizabeth Gaskell

Sylvia's Lovers (1863) is a novel by English author Elizabeth Gaskell, which she called "the saddest story I ever wrote".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helen Rowland (actress)</span> American actress

Helen Rowland is an American child actress who appeared in over ten films in the 1920s, starting with the 1922 adaptation of George Eliot's 1861 novel Silas Marner. Her last two roles were in sound films.

Giles Foster has been an English television director since 1975, specialising in television dramas. He has also directed in Australia and in Germany (2012-2014). He wrote some television dramas in the 1970s.

<i>Bangaru Papa</i> 1955 Indian film

Bangaru Papa is a 1955 Indian Telugu-language film produced and directed by B. N. Reddy on Vauhini Productions banner. The film stars S. V. Ranga Rao, Jaggayya, Krishna Kumari, Jamuna. It is based on the 1861 English novel Silas Marner by George Eliot.

Gear is a 1969 character sketch written by Richard Goldstein that was one of a series first appearing in 1966 in The Village Voice, a weekly New York City newspaper started in 1955 that reports news and various subjects in pop culture. Similar to short stories, character sketches in journalism became popular among 1960s writers and in this era focused on providing a realistic "picture of a type of person", but differed in that sketches did not tell stories of particular individuals. Often, sketches served as warm-ups to an actual story, with light tone, mild mood and focus on a single aspect of the character type, "usually in details of status life", such as social or economic status.

<i>The Vicar of Wakefield</i> (1910 film) 1910 American film

The Vicar Of Wakefield is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company. The film was adapted from Oliver Goldsmith's 1766 novel The Vicar of Wakefield, but covers only part of the plot and deviates significantly from the book to allow the story to be told within the confines of a single reel of film.

<i>Silas Marner</i> (1922 film) 1922 film by Frank P. Donovan

Silas Marner is a 1922 American silent historical drama film directed by Frank P. Donovan and starring Crauford Kent, Marguerite Courtot, and Robert Kenyon. It is an adaptation of the 1861 novel of the same name by George Eliot.

<i>Silas Marner</i> (1916 film) 1916 American silent historical drama film

Silas Marner is a 1916 American silent drama film directed by Ernest C. Warde and starring Frederick Warde, Valda Valkyrien, and Morgan Jones. It is an adaptation of the 1861 novel of the same name by George Eliot.