Silvanus difficilis

Silvanus difficilis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Suborder:	Polyphaga
Superfamily:	Cucujoidea
Family:	Silvanidae
Genus:	Silvanus
Species:	S. difficilis
Binomial name
	Silvanus difficilis; Halstead, 1973

Last updated July 10, 2021

Silvanus difficilis, is a species of silvan flat bark beetle widespread in Oriental region. It is introduced to Australia via timber and also to Costa Rica.^[1]^[2]

Distribution

Many Oriental countries including, Malaya, India,^[3] Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Taiwan, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Christmas Island, Sarawak, Borneo, Philippines, Moluccas, and New Guinea. Also found in Oceanian regions of Solomon Islands, Samoan Islands, and introduced to Australia.^[4] There are records from West Africa, Britain,^[5] New Ireland and Costa Rica.^[6]

Description

Extremely variable species in appearance, very similar to Silvanus lewisi, Silvanus robustus and Silvanus productus. Two distinct forms are described and identified: 'Normal form' and 'New Guinea form'. The 'Normal form' clearly identified from the 'New Guinea form' due to its short temple, and wider and shorter prothorax.^[6]

Average length is about 2.17 to 2.64 mm. Body elongated, and slightly depressed. Body color ranges from dull brown to yellow-brown and covered with short, semi-erect, golden pubescence. Head broader than long. Punctures on frontal triangle often ocellate. Eyes are large with temples as long as eye-facets. Antennae broad and clubbed. Pronotum broad and more elongate. Pronotum puncturation is coarse and dense, similar to head. Prosternum with tuberculate surface which become rugose towards sides.^[1] Prothorax convex, and elongated. Scutellum large, transverse and pubescent.^[6]

Ecology

Adults have been collected from Shorea robusta in India. They have found among commodities imported to Britain from the Oriental region.^[1]

Related Research Articles

Silvanidae, "silvan flat bark beetles", is a family of beetles in the superfamily Cucujoidea, consisting of 68 described genera and about 500 described species. The family is represented on all continents except Antarctica, and is most diverse at both the generic and species levels in the Old World tropics.

Hexarthrius parryi, the fighting giant stag beetle, is a species of large stag beetles. It belongs to the genus Hexarthrius of the tribe Lucanini. It is classified under the subfamily Lucaninae of the stag beetle family Lucanidae.

Cebrionini is a tribe of click beetles from the family Elateridae; formerly ranked as a subfamily or family, they are now considered a tribe within the subfamily Elaterinae.

Papuaepilachna guttatopustulata, the Large Leaf-eating Ladybird, is a species of ladybird, formerly in the genus Henosepilachna endemic to parts of Australasia, specifically New South Wales, Queensland, the Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, New Hebrides and Solomon Islands.

Stromatium barbatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. This species is native to the Oriental region. It has been recorded in mainland India, the Andaman Islands, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Réunion and Seychelles. This species has also spread to continental Africa and Madagascar.

Erymus gracilis is a species of rove beetle widely spread in Oriental region. It is found throughout China, Sri Lanka, India, Bhutan, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Nepal.

Oryzaephilus acuminatus, is a species of silvan flat bark beetle native to India and Sri Lanka.

Oryzaephilus genalis, is a species of silvan flat bark beetle native to India and Sri Lanka.

Protosilvanus granosus, is a species of silvan flat bark beetle found in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines and Solomon Islands.

Psammoecus delicatus, is a species of silvan flat bark beetle found in India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Singapore, and Indonesia.

Silvanoprus cephalotes, is a species of silvan flat bark beetle found with a widespread distribution across Oriental and Papuan regions and also in the Palaearctic Far East.

Silvanoprus longicollis, is a species of silvan flat bark beetle found in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Java, China, Japan, Madagascar and East Africa.

Psammoecus trimaculatus, is a species of silvan flat bark beetle native to Afro-Oriental region, but introduced to many parts of the world.

Silvanoprus distinguendus, is a species of silvan flat bark beetle native to India and Sri Lanka. It is also introduced to Belarus.

Silvanolomus denticollis, is a species of silvan flat bark beetle native to India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra and Borneo.

Silvanus imitatus, is a species of silvan flat bark beetle found in India and Sri Lanka.

Silvanus lewisi, sometimes known as Asian silvanid beetle, is a species of silvan flat bark beetle found throughout Oriental region and introduced to many parts of the world.

Silvanus recticollis, is a species of silvan flat bark beetle found in Afro-Oriental regions.

Necrophila (Deutosilpha) rufithorax, is a species of carrion beetle found in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. The species also known to live in Laod and Thailand, but might be another species.

Adoretus bicaudatus, is a species of shining leaf chafer found in India and Sri Lanka.

References

1 2 3 "A revision of the genus Silvanus Latreille (sl)(Coleoptera: Silvanidae)" (PDF). hbs.bishopmuseum.org. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
↑ Peck, Stewart B.; Heraty, John; Landry, Bernard; Sinclair, Bradley J. (1998). "Introduced Insect Fauna of an Oceanic Archipelago: The Galápagos Islands, Ecuador". American Entomologist. pp. 218–237. doi:10.1093/ae/44.4.218 . Retrieved 2021-07-09.
↑ Pal, T.K.; Gupta, T. Sen (April 1977). "A revision ofSilvanus(Coleoptera: Silvanidae) from India". Oriental Insects. pp. 269–284. doi:10.1080/00305316.1977.10434545 . Retrieved 2021-07-09.
↑ "Silvanus difficilis Halstead, 1973". Atlas of Living Australia. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
↑ "SILVANUS MUTICUS SHARP, 1899: AN AMERICAN SILVANID FOUND OUT-OF-DOORS IN TWO GREEK ISLANDS" (PDF). Boll. Mus. Civ. St. nat. Venezia, 53 (2002) 2002: 207-211. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
1 2 3 "Systematics of Silvanidae (Coleoptera: Clavicornia) from India and some neighbouring areas" (PDF). ir.nbu.ac.in. Retrieved 2021-07-08.

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[hbs-1] 1 2 3 "A revision of the genus Silvanus Latreille (sl)(Coleoptera: Silvanidae)" (PDF). hbs.bishopmuseum.org. Retrieved 2021-07-08.

[2] Peck, Stewart B.; Heraty, John; Landry, Bernard; Sinclair, Bradley J. (1998). "Introduced Insect Fauna of an Oceanic Archipelago: The Galápagos Islands, Ecuador". American Entomologist. pp. 218–237. doi:10.1093/ae/44.4.218 . Retrieved 2021-07-09.

[3] Pal, T.K.; Gupta, T. Sen (April 1977). "A revision ofSilvanus(Coleoptera: Silvanidae) from India". Oriental Insects. pp. 269–284. doi:10.1080/00305316.1977.10434545 . Retrieved 2021-07-09.

[4] "Silvanus difficilis Halstead, 1973". Atlas of Living Australia. Retrieved 2021-07-08.

[5] "SILVANUS MUTICUS SHARP, 1899: AN AMERICAN SILVANID FOUND OUT-OF-DOORS IN TWO GREEK ISLANDS" (PDF). Boll. Mus. Civ. St. nat. Venezia, 53 (2002) 2002: 207-211. Retrieved 2021-07-08.

[nbu-6] 1 2 3 "Systematics of Silvanidae (Coleoptera: Clavicornia) from India and some neighbouring areas" (PDF). ir.nbu.ac.in. Retrieved 2021-07-08.

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