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Psychological trauma is damage to a person's mind as a result of one or more distressing events causing overwhelming amounts of stress that exceed the person's ability to cope or integrate the emotions involved, eventually leading to serious, long-term negative consequences.
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of psychotherapy developed by Francine Shapiro starting in 1988 in which the person being treated is asked to recall distressing images; the therapist then directs the patient in one type of bilateral stimulation, such as side-to-side eye movements or hand tapping. According to the 2013 World Health Organization practice guideline: "This therapy [EMDR] is based on the idea that negative thoughts, feelings and behaviours are the result of unprocessed memories. The treatment involves standardized procedures that include focusing simultaneously on (a) spontaneous associations of traumatic images, thoughts, emotions and bodily sensations and (b) bilateral stimulation that is most commonly in the form of repeated eye movements."
Francine Shapiro was an American psychologist and educator who originated and developed eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a form of psychotherapy for resolving the symptoms of traumatic and other disturbing life experiences.
Judith Lewis Herman is an American psychiatrist, researcher, teacher, and author who has focused on the understanding and treatment of incest and traumatic stress.
Charles Figley is a university professor in the fields of psychology, family therapist, psychoneuroimmunologist family studies, social work, traumatology, and mental health. He is the Paul Henry Kurzweg, MD Distinguished Chair in Disaster Mental Health and Graduate School of Social Work Professor at Tulane University. He was a full professor and Traumatology Institute Director at the Florida State University (FSU) College of Social Work. Before FSU, starting as an assistant professor in the Dept of Child Development and Family Studies in 1974. Figley became a Purdue University Full Professor in 1983 with a courtesy appointment in the Department of Psychological Sciences. Professor Figley received both of his graduate degrees from the Pennsylvania State University and his undergraduate degree from the University of Hawaii, all in the area of human development.
A trauma trigger is a psychological stimulus that prompts recall of a previous traumatic experience. The stimulus itself need not be frightening or traumatic and may be only indirectly or superficially reminiscent of an earlier traumatic incident, such as a scent or a piece of clothing. Triggers can be subtle and difficult to anticipate. A trauma trigger may also be called a trauma stimulus, a trauma stressor or a trauma reminder. The process of connecting a traumatic experience to a trauma trigger is called traumatic coupling.
Military psychology is the research, design, and application of psychological theories and empirical data towards understanding, predicting, and countering behaviours in friendly and enemy forces, or in civilian populations. There is particular emphasis on behaviours that may be undesirable, threatening, or potentially dangerous to the conduct of military operations. Military psychology utilizes multiple psychology sub-disciplines to encourage resiliency among military troops and counteract enemy forces for military victories. The stressors and mental illnesses studied under military psychology are not specific to the military. However, soldiers often face unique combinations of stressors within combat and war settings, and may go on to experience stress-related psychiatric disorders. Specific examples of the issues faced by military personnel include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), guilt, family and partner difficulties, and nightmares and flashbacks. Applied military psychology is especially focused on counselling, and treatment of stress and fatigue of military personnel and their families.
The Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies is a research centre in Oslo, Norway, and Norway's national research institution in violence and sexual abuse; disaster management, terrorism, armed conflicts and traumatic stress; and forced migration and refugee health research. It is interdisciplinary and employs experts mainly in psychology, psychiatry, and the social sciences. In addition to carrying out research and related activities, the institute advises the Government of Norway in its areas of expertise and has some official emergency management functions at the national level. NKVTS has 101 employees.
International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies is a professional network established on March 2, 1985, in Washington, D.C. It is dedicated to disseminating the state of the science as it pertains to our understanding about the effects of trauma exposure, traumatic stress, evidence-based assessment of trauma and associated symptoms, and evidence-based prevention and treatment intervention approaches. The society provides a forum for sharing research, clinical strategies, public policy issues and theoretical formulations on trauma around the world. Members include psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, counselors, researchers, administrators, advocates, journalists, clergy, and other professionals with an interest in the study and treatment of traumatic stress. Members come from a variety of clinical and non-clinical settings around the world, including public and private health facilities, private practice, universities, non-university research foundations, and many different cultural backgrounds.
Margunn Bjørnholt is a Norwegian sociologist and economist. She is a Research Professor at the Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies (NKVTS).
Rachel Yehuda is a professor of psychiatry and neuroscience, the Vice Chair for Veterans Affairs in the Psychiatry Department, and the Director of the Traumatic Stress Studies Division at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. She also leads the PTSD clinical research program at the Neurochemistry and Neuroendocrinology laboratory at the James J. Peters VA Medical Center. In 2020 she became director of the Center for Psychedelic Psychotherapy and Trauma Research at Mount Sinai.
Kristin Skjørten is a Norwegian criminologist. She is a research professor at the Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies (NKVTS) and a professor II of the sociology of law at the University of Oslo Department of Public and International Law. Skjørten is an expert on violence and abuse in close relationships, child custody, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and children's rights.
Tine Kristin Jensen is a Norwegian psychologist. She is a Professor of Psychology at the University of Oslo and a Research Professor at the Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies. Jensen is an expert on children and psychological trauma, developmental psychology, and treatment studies. Her research has focused on e.g. sexually abused children, how Norwegian parents and children coped with the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, adolescents who survived the Utøya massacre and their families, young unaccompanied asylum seekers and treatment of traumatized children.
Trond Heir is a Norwegian psychiatrist and military physician. He is a Research Professor at the Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies and Professor II of Psychiatry at the University of Oslo Institute of Clinical Medicine. He is an expert on psychotraumatology, epidemiology and public health. He was a member of the crisis team in the aftermath of the 2011 Norway attacks against a youth camp at Utøya and against the central government departments, and has carried out research on psychological trauma in the aftermath of the attacks.
Odd Arne Tjersland is a Norwegian psychologist. He is a Professor of Clinical Psychology at the University of Oslo and a Research Professor at the Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies. He is an expert on psychological treatment of children, youth and families, and has published many books and articles on child abuse and violence in close relationships.
Nora Sveaass is a Norwegian psychologist, and an expert on refugees, human rights violations, and psychological consequences of torture and violence as well as treatment and rehabilitation of victims of torture and violence. She is Professor of Psychology at the Department of Psychology of the University of Oslo. She served two terms as one of the nine members of the United Nations Committee against Torture from 2005 to 2013, after being nominated as the joint candidate of the governments of the Nordic countries. She did not stand for reelection in 2013; however, in 2015 she was elected as a member of the United Nations Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture, and she is the only member to have served on both committees.
Grete Anita Dyb is a Norwegian psychiatrist and terrorism researcher. She is a research professor at the Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies and a professor in child and adolescent psychiatry at the University of Oslo Institute of Clinical Medicine. She has carried out research on psychological trauma and been involved in clinical work with children and adolescents exposed to sexual abuse, violence and disasters, and has in recent years directed a research project on the effects of the 2011 Norway attacks. She is President of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (2015–2016).
Professor Richard Allan Bryant is an Australian medical scientist. He is Scientia Professor of Psychology at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) and Director of the UNSW Traumatic Stress Clinic, based at UNSW and Westmead Institute for Medical Research. His main areas of research are Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Prolonged Grief Disorder. On 13 June 2016 he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), for eminent service to medical research in the field of psychotraumatology, as a psychologist and author, to the study of Indigenous mental health, as an advisor to a range of government and international organisations, and to professional societies.
Andreas Maercker is a German clinical psychologist and international expert in traumatic stress-related mental disorders who works in Switzerland. He also contributed to lifespan and sociocultural aspects of trauma sequelae, e.g. the Janus-Face model of posttraumatic growth.
Lisa A. Goodman is an American counseling psychologist known for her research on domestic violence and violence against women. She is Professor of Counseling Psychology at the Lynch School of Education at Boston College. Goodman is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, Division of Counseling Psychology.
References
- ↑ Siri Thoresen Archived 2015-11-20 at the Wayback Machine , NKVTS
- ↑ 1 prosent av voldtektene ender med fellende dom, Aftenposten , 25 April 2015
- ↑ Siri Thoresen, European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies
