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A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi, a grouping that includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia. Typically, four basidiospores develop on appendages from each basidium, out of these 2 are of one strain and other 2 of its opposite strain. In gills under a cap of one common species, there exist millions of basidia. Some gilled mushrooms in the order Agaricales have the ability to release billions of spores. The puffball fungus Calvatia gigantea has been calculated to produce about five trillion basidiospores. Most basidiospores are forcibly discharged, and are thus considered ballistospores. These spores serve as the main air dispersal units for the fungi. The spores are released during periods of high humidity and generally have a night-time or pre-dawn peak concentration in the atmosphere.
Skeletocutis is a genus of about 40 species of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, although most species are found in the Northern Hemisphere. Skeletocutis causes a white rot in a diverse array of woody substrates. Their fruit bodies grow as a crust on the surface of the decaying wood. Sometimes the edges of the crust are turned outward to form rudimentary bracket-like caps.
Skeletocutis africana is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Described as new to science in 2006 by mycologists Leif Ryvarden and Peter Roberts, the fungus is found in Cameroon, where it grows on logs in tropical lowland rainforest environments. The type collection was made in Korup National Park, in South West Province.
Skeletocutis amorpha is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae, and the type species of the genus Skeletocutis.
Skeletocutis bambusicola is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was described as new to science in 2012 by mycologists Li-Wei Zhou and Wen-Min Qin. It is found in southern China, where it grows on dead bamboo. The type collection was made in Mengla County, Yunnan Province. The specific epithet bambusicola refers to its growth on bamboo. At the time of publication, S. bambusicola was the 22nd Skeletocutis species recorded from China.
Skeletocutis bicolor is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It is found in Singapore.
Skeletocutis brevispora is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was described as new to science in 1998 by Finnish mycologist Tuomo Niemelä.
Skeletocutis biguttulata is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was first described scientifically by Swedish mycologist Lars Romell in 1932. Tuomo Niemelä redescribed and illustrated the fungus in 1998, and explained that collections of this fungus had previously been attributed to the related Skeletocutis subincarnata. S. biguttulata may be distinguished from the latter fungus by its biguttulate spores, more regularly arranged pores, and the cracking pore surface seen in older specimens.
Skeletocutis luteolus is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It is found in southern and eastern China, where it causes white rot.
Skeletocutis carneogrisea is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was described as new to science by Alix David in 1982. It is found in Europe, South America, and China.
Skeletocutis yunnanensis is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae that was described as a new species in 2016. The type specimen was collected in northern Yunnan Province, southwestern China, where it was found growing on decaying angiosperm wood in a temperate forest.
Skeletocutis subodora is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was described as a new species by mycologists Josef Vlasák and Leif Ryvarden in 2012. The type specimen was collected in the Crater Lake visitor's centre in Oregon, United States, where it was growing on a log of Douglas fir. It is named after its similarity to Skeletocutis odora, from which it differs in microscopic characteristics, including its thick subiculum, non-allantoid (sausage-shaped) spores, large cystidioles, and monomitic flesh.
Skeletocutis inflata is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Found in Guangdong, China, it was described as a new species in 2013 by mycologist Bao-Kai Cui. The fungus is characterized by having fruit bodies with caps, and small pores numbering 8–10 per millimetre. Microscopically, it features inflated skeletal hyphae that partially dissolve in a solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH). The skeletal hyphae in the trama are parallel along the tubes.
Skeletocutis subvulgaris is a species of poroid, white rot fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Found in China, it was described as a new species in 1998 by mycologist Yu-Chen Dai. It was named for its resemblance to Skeletocutis vulgaris. The type collection was made in Hongqi District, Jilin Province, where it was found growing on the rotting wood of Korean pine.
Hydnum magnorufescens is a species of fungus in the family Hydnaceae native to the southern Europe, Sichuan Province in China and Russia.
Skeletocutis substellae is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Found in China, it was described as new to science in 2011 by mycologist Yu-Cheng Dai. The holotype specimen was collected in Hainan, was it was found growing on the rotting wood of Dacrydium elatum. Spores of the fungus are allantoid, translucent, thin-walled, and smooth, typically measuring 2.8–3.5 by 0.7–1 µm. S. substellae was named for its similarity to S. stellae. Differences from this latter fungus include swollen skeletal hyphae when mounted in a solution of potassium hydroxide, and smaller spores.
Skeletocutis fimbriata is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Found in China, it was described as new to science in 2008. The holotype collection was made in the Shennongjia nature reserve in northwestern Hubei province, where it was found growing on rotting angiosperm wood. The fungus is distinguished from the other Skeletocutis species by its narrow spores, and its coarsely fimbriate margin on the fruit bodies. The specific epithet fimbriata refers to this latter characteristic.
Skeletocutis friata is a rare species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Found in Finland, it was first described as a new species in 1998 by Tuomo Niemelä and Reima Saarenoksa, with the name Skeletocutis friabilis. It was given the epithet friata three years later, after it was discovered that a tropical Asian species had already been given the name Skeletocutis friabilis, with a publication date two months prior to theirs. The holotype was collected by Saarenoksa in Sipoo, southern Finland, where it was found growing on the bark and exposed wood of a fallen twig of common alder. The authors later noted that subsequent searching of the type locality, as well as other locations in southern Finland, failed to turn up additional examples of this species.
Skeletocutis papyracea is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was described as new to science by Alix David in 1982. The type was collected in France, where it was found growing on a fallen trunk of Scots pine. The fungus was reported in northeastern China in 2005, and in Lithuania in 2013. A microscope is useful for identification of this fungus: it differs from other Skeletocutis by the fact that its skeletal hyphae dissolve in 5% KOH solution.
References
- ↑ Fan, L.F.; Ji, X.H.; Si, J. (2017). "A new species in the Skeletocutis subincarnata complex (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from southwestern China". Mycosphere. 8 (6): 1253–1260. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/8/6/8 .
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