The UCLA Smart Grid Energy Research Center (SMERC), located on the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) campus, is an organization focused on developing the next generation of technologies and innovation for Smart Grid.[1] SMERC partners with government agencies, technology providers, Department of Energy (DOE) research labs, universities, utilities, policymakers, electric vehicle manufacturers, and appliance manufacturers. These partnerships provide SMERC with diverse capabilities and exceptional, mature leadership.[2]
Currently, SMERC is performing research on Microgrids, automated demand response,[3] electric vehicle integration (G2V, or Grid-to-Vehicle and V2G, or Vehicle-to-Grid), Cybersecurity, and distributed and renewable integration.
SMERC has collaborations with USC and Caltech/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), LADWP in a smart grid demonstration project.[4] Internationally, SMERC has collaborated with the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER). This partnership involves SMERC testing and developing software and platforms related to smart grid technology, while KIER focuses on multiple renewable energy technologies, such as solar, wind, and fuel cells, as well as wireless communications and semiconductor systems.[5]
Background
"While the electrical grid in the United States is very reliable, it is currently somewhat limited in its ability to incorporate new renewable energy sources, effectively manage demand response, sense and monitor trouble spots, and repair itself."[6] This reliability will not last if the grid systems stay the same as populations rise and electricity demands rise. This demand calls for innovative technologies and systems to provide and manage demand response, sensory/monitor repair, and self-repair to help stabilize the grid. SMERC has been building these technologies since the fall of 2004. The system also calls for better efficiency among energy generators and savers. Today, the current grid in North America is very old, and in many areas, it is up to 100 years old. The grid is inflexible and must be modernized to handle the intermittency of renewable energy sources (solar power, wind turbines, etc.).[7] These energy sources, if resourced properly, will prove to be valuable to the grid, providing it with energy that is currently wasted. With this electricity demand, there is a tremendous opportunity in the United States for innovation between the current electric grid and the next generations of systems using RFID and Integrated sensors, information, and Wireless technologies.
With awareness in Smart Grid growing, questions about what the new modernized grid will be like are being asked. Unfortunately, there is no clear answer to what the grid will look like. For instance, it is like predicting what an Apple computer would be capable of accomplishing today when the first Apple computer was released in 1976.[8] There is now an enormous opportunity for experimentation, creativity, and research in Smart Grid technology. Entrepreneurs, universities, and other innovators are in the process of creating indescribable possibilities for the future Smart Grid.
Funding
The major starting point for investment into modernizing the current grid was the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) stimulus package (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, i.e. ARRA). The ARRA invested approximately $4.4 billion on Smart Grid research.[9] LADWP received $60 million from the DOE's stimulus package. "The money will be used for “smart grid" demonstration projects. The projects will allow the city’s Department of Water and Power, the largest municipal utility in the nation, to use advanced meters and other technology at the universities to chart how power is being consumed, forecast demand and potential outages, and seek ways to reduce energy use."[10]
The Waxman–Markley comprehensive energy bill (American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009)[11] increased the awareness and impact on the electric transmission grid. The act was designed with the intention to reduce greenhouse emissions by 17 percent by 2020. This reduction would require there to be a concentration on energy consumption and production. This bill, directly and indirectly, stimulates universities and private industries to become innovators in new technologies for the grid. Collaborations among utilities, government, technology providers, and universities are made being to provide information and technologies for the new generation of Smart Grid and Smart Energy Technology.
The Smart Grid Energy Research Center (SMERC) consists of several key projects as follows:
Connected and Autonomous Electric Vehicles (CAEV™)
CAEVTM is a UCLA-led consortium whose members consist of modern-day automotive companies, electric and autonomous transportation providers, and electric power companies that are modernizing the automotive industry into one that is electric, digital, connected, smart, autonomous, and serves the transportation and energy needs of society for the 21st Century and beyond. The purpose of the consortium is to create a partnership of Electric Vehicle and autonomous vehicle manufacturers in California, partnering with new energy companies that advance technology, create innovative business models, and educate and train the next generation of students to create the industry that will change the face of the automotive sector worldwide.[13]
UCLA WINSmart Grid™
"The UCLA WINSmartGridTM [1[14] is a network platform technology that allows electricity-operated appliances such as plug-in automobiles, washers, dryers, or air conditioners to be wirelessly monitored, connected, and controlled via a smart wireless hub."[15]
Overall, the WINSmartGridTM advantages are as follows: technology, uses low standards-based hardware resulting in lower overall cost, wireless infrastructure for monitoring and control, an open architecture for easy integration, a plug-and-play approach, reconfigurable ability, and a service architecture with three layers: edgeware, middleware, and Centralware.[16]
The WINSmartGridTM technology uses a three-layered Serviceware architecture along with ReWINS technology.
A simple explanation of the process is that the Centralware makes a decision, the Middleware reads that decision, then maps and routes these decisions to the Edgeware, where the decisions are then sent through the low-level control signals.
The edgeware controls and utilizes the wireless technology networks and the creation, management, set-up, and maintenance of software and firmware. It connects with RFID tags, motion detectors, temperature monitors, or 10X controllers on refrigerators. Within the WINSmartGridTM hub, a variety of monitors and sensors are supported that the Edgeware has connections to, including humidity, current, voltage, power, shock, motion, chemicals, etc. This hub is capable of supporting wireless protocols (e.g., WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, GPRS, and RFID). The most efficient protocols seem to be low-power protocols such as Zigbee.
The Middleware is the "middle man" between the Edgeware and the Centralware. Capable of providing functions such as data filtration, extraction of meaningful information, aggregation and messaging of data from the Edgeware, and distribution of the information to the proper destination or web service accordingly.
The Centralware decision-making web service It receives all information, determines what the best decisions are based on rules, and carries out the execution of these decisions. Currently, the WINSmartGridTM Centralware is running on a basic set of rules, whereas it will eventually work with external intelligent services as they begin to come online.
Automated Demand Response (ADR)
“The Automated Demand-Response (ADR)[17] programs shows control models and secure messaging schemes, automation in load curtailment, leveraging multiple communication technologies, and maintaining interoperability between the Smart Grid automation architecture layers.”[18]
SMERC is in the process of creating a test area that would provide information on consumers’ energy usage and the distribution of that energy from a utility service. The test beds are located on the UCLA campus which will serve as a living lab for demonstration of ADR concepts. Since UCLA produces 75% of its own energy through its natural gaspower plant, the campus is an easy and desirable place for conducting ADR research and demonstration.
ADR will require control technology components and subsystems that will work with security, network standards, messaging, protocols, etc. in culmination with operational parameters. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) will also be checked for proper ability in terms of data volume and networking aspects. Further requirements such as rate design models, system-wide data and metadata modeling, etc. will be used to guide the system architecture The Demand-Response system provides an efficient service to utility systems and consumers. It is based on a service-oriented architecture (SOA) that would use information from the utility systems 'technical evaluations and requirements to help assist integration modalities for backend utility systems. Through this architecture, real-time collaboration among the entire network involving billing, metering, distribution, etc., can be accomplished. Consumers are able to make requests, and a supervisory controllsystem will monitor the dconsumer's demands ond make the best available decisions. This Demand-response system will also be represented by various types of energy customers (e.g. commercial, residential, industrial). This will create unique and different load profiles and pricing for each tf these customers, all of which the system must keep track of. With the WINSmartGrid™ technology, transactions will be communicated through wireless technologies to convey common data payloads. Currently, SOA in conjunction with open embedded system scan provide support for plug-and-play and secure-demand-response. Also, an application programming interface (API) provides customizability and extensibility to the system.
The test beds use automation technologies and will provide demonstration of the systems functionality, communication fidelity and reliability, testing of data, protocols, etc. These technologies are AMI-DR models, hardware and software interfaces, software architecture, access control policies, recommended security schemes and algorithms, and desired set of optimizations.
The testing phase would provide developed, detailed performance on the demand-response processes and technology components or sub-systems where efficient changes and predictions can be made to fulfill a targeted load curtailment and consumer demands.
The test beds for the current research will have a "network platform that enables appliances such as plug-in electric vehicles, washers, dryers and air conditioners to be wirelessly monitored, connected, and controlled through a wireless communications framework. These test bed arrangements will provide vital research on the demand-response systems."[19]
Electric vehicle integration into the grid
Currently, technology within SMERC is being used and built for the program WINSmartEV™. It focuses on the integration of both wireless and RF-monitoring and control technologies.[20] EV technology provides a more energy-efficient, economical, and user friendly smart technology for charging an EV.[21] Several parking structures on the UCLA campus now provide EV charging to its members. These stations are monitored by SMERC's software systems in the Engineering Department. All data regarding these charging stations is collected by members of the SMERC team to evaluate tendencies and requests of its users. This data will be evaluated to provide the stations 'users with the best possible management of charging their EV.[22]
WINSmartEV™'s main objective is to increase the stability of the local power system and reduce energy cost by managing all operations conducted in charging an EV. The most recent implementation developed allows for several EVs to charge at one charging station while receiving different, yet controllable current. This type of charging system will provide the user with the vast flexibility towards charging an EV. This system provides the user with conveniences pertaining to parking, price, time limits, and power consumption.
Another objective for the WINSmartEV™ program wirelessly gathering inmation from the electric grid and EV to the determine more efficient charging capabilities for the EV. With the proper management of EV’s, charging and backfill operations can be used to lower electricity rates and flatten the load curve.
User interface allows the EV owner to have the capability of controlling where, when, why, and how to charge their vehicle. An EV user may use a handheld device to view a map of charging stations, schedule an exact time charge, start and stop charge at any convenience, and this all could be done from a single touch on a Smsrtphone or other handheld devices. Also, if necessary or requested, an alert can be issued to the driver when the battery capacity is low and needs charging.
SMERC evaluates EVs and charging stations patterns in order to determine the appropriate wireless technologies and sensor modules that are best for installation. In conclusion, integrating the EVs with WINSmardGrid™ the local AMI and Demand-Response will provide communication and alerting systems for WINSmartETM.
Cyber Security project
The electricity distribution systems are becoming drastically more complex and more dynamic, while the power grid is in the transition to the smart grid. The deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar panels and energy storage devices is proliferating. Numerous inputs and controls are pushed and pulled from various advanced distribution grid platforms. Some of the inputs and controls connect the grid resources to the public Internet. Improved sensing, communication, and control capabilities have the capability to enormously enhance the performance of the electric grid, but at the cost of increased vulnerabilities to deliberate attacks and accidental failures, threatening the grid’s functionality and reliability. EV charging system that connects to the smart grid is considered as an information network with a massive communication among utility, EV and DER control centers, EV supply equipment (EVSE), and power meters. As EV charging consumes a lot of power and thus can have a considerable impact on a distribution system, the cybersecurity on fhe EV charging domain is as critical as a distribution grid.
The ongoing research project titled “UC-Lab Center for Electricity Distribution Cybersecurity,[23]” which is currently sponsored by UCLRP (UCOP LFR-18-548175[24]) has bring together a multi-disciplinary UC-Lab team of cybersecurity and electricity infrastructure experts to investigate the impact of cyberattacks on electricity distribution infrastructure and develop new strategies for mitigation of vulnerabilities, detection of intrusion, and protection against detrimental system-wide impact.
The SMERC team focuses on the cybersecurity for the EV charging network, including system vulnerability analysis, risk assessment, and the impacts of cyber-attacks, as well as anomaly detection.
The team has researched the vulnerability analysis and risk assessment for the smart charging infrastructure based on the charging system on the UCLA campus, which is called WINSmartEV™. The research has outlined a codified methodology and taxonomy for assessing vulnerability and risk of cyber-physical attacks on the EV charging networks to create a generalizable and comprehensive solution.[25] For the anomaly detection, the team analyzes the multidimensional time-series data, including building load, solar generation, dynamic electricity price, and EV load, within the WINSmartEV™. The objective is to characterize the regular EV charging operation to establish a correlation-invariant network, thereby identifying anomalies or malicious data injection, which disturbs the correlations within the system.
Other projects
Other projects in beginning stages or current development in the SMERC are Battery storage integration with renewable solar, EV to solar integration, V2G, Cyber Security Testing, Wireless Monitoring and Control of the grid, Microgrid modeling and control, Autonomous Electric Vehicles, Home Area Networks and Consumer Issue in EV Integration and DR.
Recent news and events
SMERC has hosted several events both inside and outside UCLA with notable speakers from both academia and industry.[26] Notable locations of seminars and panel discussions include Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Indian Institutes of Technology, and at the California State Capitol Building in Sacramento. The director of the lab, Dr. Rajit Gadh, has been quoted in notable articles such as Fast Company,[27] and his activity includes meeting with the director of The Energy and Resources Institute and appearances in various events such as the Intercharge Network Conference in 2018. In addition, every year there is an Electric and Autonomous Transportation UCLA CAEV Annual Conference where the electric vehicle industry is discussed.[28] Other notable events include the Workshop on Technology Trends in Transportation and Electricity, Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems: Technology Innovations and Business Opportunities, and Distributed Energy Resources (DER)—EV, PV and Storage—for a Modern Grid.
Related Research Articles
Distributed generation, also distributed energy, on-site generation (OSG), or district/decentralized energy, is electrical generation and storage performed by a variety of small, grid-connected or distribution system-connected devices referred to as distributed energy resources (DER).
Automatic meter reading (AMR) is the technology of automatically collecting consumption, diagnostic, and status data from water meter or energy metering devices and transferring that data to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. This technology mainly saves utility providers the expense of periodic trips to each physical location to read a meter. Another advantage is that billing can be based on near real-time consumption rather than on estimates based on past or predicted consumption. This timely information coupled with analysis can help both utility providers and customers better control the use and production of electric energy, gas usage, or water consumption.
Energy demand management, also known as demand-side management (DSM) or demand-side response (DSR), is the modification of consumer demand for energy through various methods such as financial incentives and behavioral change through education.
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) describes a system in which plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) sell demand response services to the grid. Demand services are either delivering electricity or reducing their charging rate. Demand services reduce pressure on the grid, which might otherwise experience disruption from load variations. Vehicle-to-load (V2L) and Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) are related, but the AC phase is not sychronised with the grid, so the power is only available to an "off grid" load.
Demand response is a change in the power consumption of an electric utility customer to better match the demand for power with the supply. Until the 21st century decrease in the cost of pumped storage and batteries, electric energy could not be easily stored, so utilities have traditionally matched demand and supply by throttling the production rate of their power plants, taking generating units on or off line, or importing power from other utilities. There are limits to what can be achieved on the supply side, because some generating units can take a long time to come up to full power, some units may be very expensive to operate, and demand can at times be greater than the capacity of all the available power plants put together. Demand response, a type of energy demand management, seeks to adjust in real-time the demand for power instead of adjusting the supply.
A smart meter is an electronic device that records information—such as consumption of electric energy, voltage levels, current, and power factor—and communicates the information to the consumer and electricity suppliers. Such an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) differs from automatic meter reading (AMR) in that it enables two-way communication between the meter and the supplier.
A virtual power plant (VPP) is a cloud-based distributed power plant that aggregates the capacities of heterogeneous distributed energy resources (DER) for the purposes of enhancing power generation, trading or selling power on the electricity market, and demand side options for load reduction.
Dynamic Demand is the name of a semi-passive technology to support demand response by adjusting the load demand on an electrical power grid. It is also the name of an independent not-for-profit organization in the UK supported by a charitable grant from the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation, dedicated to promoting this technology. The concept is that by monitoring the frequency of the power grid, as well as their own controls, intermittent domestic and industrial loads switch themselves on/off at optimal moments to balance the overall grid load with generation, reducing critical power mismatches. As this switching would only advance or delay the appliance operating cycle by a few seconds, it would be unnoticeable to the end user. This is the foundation of dynamic demand control. In the United States, in 1982, a (now-lapsed) patent for this idea was issued to power systems engineer Fred Schweppe. Other patents have been issued based on this idea.
Load balancing, load matching, or daily peak demand reserve refers to the use of various techniques by electrical power stations to store excess electrical power during low demand periods for release as demand rises. The aim is for the power supply system to have a load factor of 1.
Load management, also known as demand-side management (DSM), is the process of balancing the supply of electricity on the network with the electrical load by adjusting or controlling the load rather than the power station output. This can be achieved by direct intervention of the utility in real time, by the use of frequency sensitive relays triggering the circuit breakers, by time clocks, or by using special tariffs to influence consumer behavior. Load management allows utilities to reduce demand for electricity during peak usage times, which can, in turn, reduce costs by eliminating the need for peaking power plants. In addition, some peaking power plants can take more than an hour to bring on-line which makes load management even more critical should a plant go off-line unexpectedly for example. Load management can also help reduce harmful emissions, since peaking plants or backup generators are often dirtier and less efficient than base load power plants. New load-management technologies are constantly under development — both by private industry and public entities.
The smart grid is an enhancement of the 20th century electrical grid, using two-way communications and distributed so-called intelligent devices. Two-way flows of electricity and information could improve the delivery network. Research is mainly focused on three systems of a smart grid – the infrastructure system, the management system, and the protection system. Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid.
An electrical grid is an interconnected network for electricity delivery from producers to consumers. Electrical grids consist of power stations, electrical substations to step voltage up or down, electric power transmission to carry power long distances, and lastly electric power distribution to individual customers, where voltage is stepped down again to the required service voltage(s). Electrical grids vary in size and can cover whole countries or continents. From small to large there are microgrids, wide area synchronous grids, and super grids.
Ancillary services are the services necessary to support the transmission of electric power from generators to consumers given the obligations of control areas and transmission utilities within those control areas to maintain reliable operations of the interconnected transmission system.
The term smart grid is most commonly defined as an electric grid that has been digitized to enable two way communication between producers and consumers. The objective of the smart grid is to update electricity infrastructure to include more advanced communication, control, and sensory technology with the hope of increasing communication between consumers and energy producers. The potential benefits from a smart grid include increased reliability, more efficient electricity use, better economics, and improved sustainability.
Smart grid policy in the United States refers to legislation and other governmental orders influencing the development of smart grids in the United States.
China is the world's largest consumer of electricity, and its demand is expected to double by the next decade, and triple by 2035. In 2010, 70 percent of the country's electricity generation came from coal-fired power plants, but the Chinese government is investing heavily in renewable energy technologies. As of 2013, 21 percent of China's electricity generation comes from renewable sources. This represents only 9 percent of overall primary energy consumption in the country. China's latest goal is to increase renewable energy to 9.5 percent of overall primary energy use by 2015. To implement China's new clean energy capacity into the national power grid, and to improve the reliability of the country's existing infrastructure, requires significant upgrades and ultimately, a smart grid.
Rajit Gadh is a Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science and the founding director of the UCLA Smart Grid Energy Research Center (SMERC), the UCLA Wireless Internet for Mobile Enterprise Consortium (WINMEC), and the Connected and Autonomous Electric Vehicles Consortium (CAEV).
Electric grid security in the US refer to the activities that utilities, regulators, and other stakeholders play in securing the national electricity grid. The American electrical grid is going through one of the largest changes in its history, which is the move to smart grid technology. The smart grid allows energy customers and energy providers to more efficiently manage and generate electricity. Similar to other new technologies, the smart grid also introduces new concerns about security.
Smart charging refers to a charging system where electric vehicles, charging stations and charging operators share data connections. Through smart charging, the charging stations may monitor, manage, and restrict the use of charging devices to optimize energy consumption. Comparing with uncontrolled charging, smart charging will flatten the electricity usage peak by shifting the peak due to vehicle charging away from the peak due to other consumption.
An Energy Management System is, in the context of energy conservation, a computer system which is designed specifically for the automated control and monitoring of those electromechanical facilities in a building which yield significant energy consumption such as heating, ventilation and lighting installations. The scope may span from a single building to a group of buildings such as university campuses, office buildings, retail stores networks or factories. Most of these energy management systems also provide facilities for the reading of electricity, gas and water meters. The data obtained from these can then be used to perform self-diagnostic and optimization routines on a frequent basis and to produce trend analysis and annual consumption forecasts.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
