Space program of the Philippines

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Diwata-1 satellite Diwata-1 development.png
Diwata-1 satellite

The space program of the Philippines is decentralized and is maintained by various agencies of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). There is no dedicated space agency to oversee the country's space program and is funded through the National SPACE Development Program by the DOST. Early Philippine initiatives in space technology has been led by private firms although in the recent years the government has played a more active role.

Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)

The Philippines' Department of Science and Technology, is the executive department of the Philippine Government responsible for the coordination of science and technology-related projects in the Philippines and to formulate policies and projects in the fields of science and technology in support of national development.

National Space Development Program (Philippines)

The National Space Promotion, Awareness, and Capabilities Enhancement (SPACE) Development Program, simply known as the National SPACE Development Program (NSDP) is a government program of the Philippines set up to craft a policy for the country's space program and lay the foundation of a future dedicated space agency. The program is made under the Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (PCIEERD) of the Department of Science and Technology.

Contents

The Philippines has been involved in space technology since the 1960s, when the government built an Earth satellite receiving station by the administration of then-President Ferdinand Marcos. It was also during the latter part of this period that a Filipino private firm acquired the country's first satellite, Agila-1 which was launched as an Indonesian satellite. In the 1990s, Mabuhay had Agila 2 launched to space from China.

Ferdinand Marcos former President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986

Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. was a Filipino politician and kleptocrat who was the tenth President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. A leading member of the far-right New Society Movement, he ruled as a dictator under martial law from 1972 until 1981. His regime was infamous for its corruption, extravagance, and brutality.

Agila-1 or Mabuhay was launched in March 20, 1987, under the name Palapa B2-P in Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. It was originally under Indonesian company, PT Pasifik Satelit Nusantara until it was acquired by Philippine company, Mabuhay Satellite Corporation which is under PLDT in 1996. Upon its acquisition by Mabuhay, it became the first Philippine satellite through acquisition while in orbit. Palapa B2-P was later renamed to "Agila-1", the local name for the Philippine eagle. The satellite's operation ended in January 1998 and was deorbited.

Mabuhay Satellite Corporation

Mabuhay Satellite Corporation (MSC) was a Filipino aerospace corporation responsible for operating communication satellites and before 2009, the only Philippine company to do so. It was later renamed as Mabuhay Investment Corporation (MIC) and became a holding company owned by PLDT. It once owned the Agila 2 satellite which provides coverage in the Asia-Pacific region. Aside from satellite operation, it also provided satellite-related services. It operated two space centers, namely the Mabuhaysat Subic Space Center, its main hub, and the Mabuhaysat Zamboanga Space Center at Zamboanga City, its back-up hub.

In the 2010s, the Philippine government partnered with the Tohoku and Hokkaido Universities of Japan to launch the first satellite designed by Filipinos, Diwata-1. Diwata-1 is a microsatellite. The government was able to develop and send two more small-scale satellites, Diwata-2 and Maya-1. A centralized space agency has been proposed in the legislature to address funding and management issue faced by the country's space program.

Tohoku University Higher education institution in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan

Tohoku University, abbreviated to Tohokudai, located in Sendai, Miyagi in the Tōhoku Region, Japan, is a Japanese national university. It was the third Imperial University in Japan and is one of the National Seven Universities. It is considered one of the most prestigious universities in Japan, and one of the top fifty universities in the world.

Hokkaido University national university in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

Hokkaido University, or Hokudai (北大), is a Japanese national university in Sapporo, Hokkaido. It is a member of the Imperial Universities, which were established to be the nation's finest institutes of higher education or research. It is located in downtown Sapporo, just north of Sapporo Station, and stretching approximately 2.4 kilometers northward. It is considered one of the top universities in Japan.

Diwata-1 Philippine microsatellite launched to and deployed from the International Space Station

Diwata-1 also known as PHL-Microsat-1 is a Philippine microsatellite launched to the International Space Station (ISS) in March 23, 2016, and was deployed into orbit from the ISS in April 27, 2016. It is the first Philippine microsatellite and the first satellite built and designed by Filipinos.

Organization

Agencies under the Department of Science and Technology manage the country's space program. DOST seal.svg
Agencies under the Department of Science and Technology manage the country's space program.

The Philippines space program has two primary challenges; insufficient funding and the lack of a centralized agency to manage the space program. [1]

In an absence of a formal space agency, the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) funds a National Space Development Program to set up the foundations of a future space agency. [2] Several government agencies under the DOST currently maintains the country's space program are the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA), and the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) [3] [4] [5] The DOST and the Manila Observatory crafted a 10-year masterplan in 2012 to make the Philippines a "space-capable country" by 2022. [6]

National Mapping and Resource Information Authority

The Philippines' National Mapping and Resource Information Authority, abbreviated as NAMRIA, is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Environment and Natural Resources responsible for providing the public with mapmaking services and acting as the central mapping agency, depository, and distribution facility of natural resources data in the form of maps, charts, texts, and statistics.

The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), formerly known as the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC), is a working group of various government, non-government, civil sector and private sector organizations of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines established by Republic Act 10121 of 2010. It is administered by the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) under the Department of National Defense (DND). The Council is responsible for ensuring the protection and welfare of the people during disasters or emergencies. The NDRRMC plans and leads the guiding activities in the field of communication, warning signals, emergency, transportation, evacuation, rescue, engineering, health and rehabilitation, public education and auxiliary services such as fire fighting and the police in the country. The Council utilizes the UN Cluster Approach in disaster management. It is the country's focal for the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER) and many other related international commitments.

Manila Observatory observatory in Quezon City, Philippines

The Manila Observatory is a non-profit research institute housed on the campus of the Ateneo de Manila University in Quezon City, Philippines. It was founded by the Society of Jesus, commonly known as the Jesuits, in 1865 as the Observatorio Meteorológico del Ateneo Municipal de Manila. It was later renamed Observatorio Meteorológico de Manila. It has done weather forecasting and earthquake research and today researches seismic and geomagnetic phenomena as well as radio and solar physics.

Founding of a unified agency

A unified Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA) is also planned to be established according to the 17th Congress's "Philippine Space Act of 2016" (House Bill 3637) [7] and "Philippine Space Act" (Senate Bill 1211). [8] On 27 November 2018, The House of Representatives passed the alternative bill "Philippine Space Development Act" (House Bill No. 8541) on the 2nd reading. "The bill also provides for a Philippine Space Development and Utilization Policy (PSDUP) that shall serve as the country’s primary strategic roadmap for space development and embody the country’s central goal of becoming a space-capable and space-faring nation in the next decade." If HB08541 is passed by the Senate and signed into law by the President, at least 30 hectares will be allocated to the new PhilSA for an official site within the Clark Special Economic Zone in Pampanga and Tarlac. [9]

17th Congress of the Philippines

The Seventeenth Congress of the Philippines is the current meeting of the national legislature of the Republic of the Philippines, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The convention of the 17th Congress was followed by the 2016 Senate election, which will replace half of the Senate membership, and the 2016 House of Representatives elections which elected the entire membership of the House of Representatives.

Pampanga Province in Central Luzon, Philippines

Pampanga is a province in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. Lying on the northern shore of Manila Bay, Pampanga is bordered by Tarlac to the north, Nueva Ecija to the northeast, Bulacan to the east, the Manila Bay to the central-south, Bataan to the southwest and Zambales to the west. Its capital is the City of San Fernando. Angeles City, while geographically within Pampanga, is classified as a first-class, highly urbanized city and is governed independently of the province.

Tarlac Province in Central Luzon, Philippines

Tarlac is a landlocked province located in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. It is bounded on the north by the province of Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija on the east, Zambales on the west and Pampanga in the south. The province comprises three congressional districts and is subdivided into 17 municipalities and one city, Tarlac City, which is the provincial capital.

As of December 2018, House Bill No. 8541 has been approved on the third and final reading with 207 affirmative votes with no votes against or abstentions. It will be attached to the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and the bill also creates the Philippine Space Development Fund to be used exclusively for its operation. The astronomical space-related functions of the Department of Transportation and DOST will also be transferred to the Philippine Space Agency, under the bill. [10] The Senate version of the bill proposes the space agency to be attached to the Office of the President instead of the DOST. [11]

While the immediate goals of the agency will not involve launching its own rockets like NASA and the JAXA. It is planned that the agency would pursue such goals in the long term. [12]

History

Earlier developments

The Manila Observatory was established during the Spanish colonial period in 1865 and was the only formal meteorological and astronomical research and services institution in the Philippines until the founding of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) in 1972. [2]

Early space program initiatives

Efforts to establish a Philippine space program dates as early as in the 1960s, when US President Lyndon Johnson discussed with Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos in 1966 about the possibility of establishing a joint US–Philippine space program to monitor storms in Asia. If such plans have pushed through it would have been the first time Asians get involved in space activities. [13]

In the mid-1960s, the Philippine Communications Satellite (Philcomsat) was established when the Marcos government built an Earth satellite receiving station. [14] Philcomsat was a founding member of Intelsat, an international satellite consortium. [15] It also had an exclusive franchise for satellite communication in Southeast Asia, as well as in Korea and Japan. It was also responsible for providing the equipment which enabled people in Asia to watch the Apollo 11 launch, which took place in July 16, 1969. [16] The wholly government-owned company became a private corporation in 1982. [14]

On April 23, 1980, the Philippines became one of the initial 11 signatories to the Moon Treaty. [2]

PASI and Mabuhay's satellite ventures

Agila-2, the first launched satellite of the Philippines. The satellite now operates as ABS-3. ABS-3 (Agila-2).jpg
Agila-2, the first launched satellite of the Philippines. The satellite now operates as ABS-3.

In 1974, the Philippines planned to use satellites to improve communications. The leasing of satellites from Intelsat was considered but it was later decided to lease capacity from the Indonesian Palapa system. There were interests for a national communication satellite but initiatives to obtain one did not start until 1994, when the Philippine Agila Satellite Inc. (PASI), a consortium of 17 companies, was established to operate and purchase domestic satellites. [17] [18]

The Mabuhay Philippines Satellite Corporation (MPSC), another consortium, was formed in the same year by PLDT, which was a former member of PASI. PLDT was the largest member of PASI before its departure from the consortium. MPSC was composed of numerous domestic telecommunications and broadcasting companies, along with Indonesia-based Pasifik Satelit Nusantara and China-based Everbright Group. [18] [19]

Then, President Fidel V. Ramos expressed his desire for a Philippine satellite to be in orbit in time for the APEC Summit to be held in the country in November 1996. [18]

MPSC complied with the acquisition of Indonesian satellite Palapa B-2P from Pasifik Satelit Nusantara. The satellite was moved to a new orbital slot on August 1, 1996. The satellite was renamed Agila-1 and became the first satellite in orbit to be owned by the country. [20] [21] [22]

MPSC launched the country's second satellite, Agila-2, with assistance of China. The communications satellite was launched through the Long March 3B at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center on August 19, 1997. The satellite was acquired by Asia Broadcast Satellite in 2011 [23] and was renamed to ABS-3.

Diwata-1 Diwata-1.jpg
Diwata-1

Government initiatives in the 2010s

In the 2010s, the Philippine government got involved in space ventures. The DOST launched the $80 million Philippine-LiDAR program in 2012 where it sent 10 engineers to the United Kingdom to train with the Met Office regarding light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology which devises space data. The training program resulted 920 LiDAR expert processors in the country by July 2018 and the Philippines later trained other scientists from other parts of Southeast Asia. [2]

The DOST initiated the Philippine Scientific Earth Observation Microsatellite (PHL-Microsat) program to send two microsatellites in 2016 and 2017. The effort is part of the country's disaster risk management program. A receiving station will also be built in the country. [24] [25] The efforts were part of a bigger project, together with seven other Asian countries aside from Japan and the Philippines, to create a network of about 50 microsatellites. [26]

The first satellite under this program Diwata-1, the first satellite designed and assembled by Filipinos, with cooperation from the Hokkaido University and Tohoku University. [27] One of the major goals of the PHL-Microsat program is to boost the progress on the creation of the Philippine Space Agency. [28] The satellite was deployed from the International Space Station on April 27, 2016. The first nanosatellite, Maya-1 was also deployed from the ISS along with two other satellites on August 10, 2018.

President Rodrigo Duterte in February 2018 announced that a precursor to a space agency, the National Space Development Office, will be established. As of March 2018, there are seven pending bills in both the House of Representatives and the Senate seeking to establish the Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA). [1] In the meantime, the DOST has agreed with the Russian space agency Roscosmos, "to proceed with negotiations of an intergovernmental framework agreement on space cooperation that will include use of Russian rockets to launch Philippine payloads such as micro- and nano-satellites as well as the establishment of a receiving station for the Global Navigation Satellite System" (GLONASS), Russia's alternative to American Global Positioning System (GPS) [29]

On October 29, 2018, the second satellie under the PHL-Microsat program, the Diwata-2, was launched directly into orbit from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan. [30] [31] [32]

In late-January 2019, the Department of Science and Technology has said that the Philippines is already capable to found its own space agency with a pending bill already passed in the House of Representatives and a pending counterpart legislation already pending in the Senate. By this time since 2010, the science department has already spent ₱7.48 billion (or $144 million) for space research and development, aided 5,500 scholars, trained more than 1,000 space science experts, and established 25 facilities in various parts of the Philippines. [12]

Space education

The Department of Science and Technology–Science Education Institute (DOST-SEI) launched the first Philippine Space Science Education Program (PESSAP) in 2004, to promote science and technology, particularly space science, as a field of study to the Filipino youth. [33]

On October 05, 2017, high school students from St. Cecilia’s College-Cebu, Inc. launched 3-feet solid propellant Model rockets for the World Space Week 2017 celebration in Cebu City. [34]

A model rocket launch from Minglanilla, Cebu, Philippines ModelRocketLaunch.jpg
A model rocket launch from Minglanilla, Cebu, Philippines

Student-researchers and science faculty from St. Cecilia's College - Cebu, Inc. in partnership with Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD) successfully launched the first High-Altitude Balloon Life Support System "Karunungan" (HAB LSS Karunungan) in May 2018 at Minglanilla, Cebu, Philippines and floated above the Armstrong Line to simulate 'space like' conditions for future space flights. [35] [36]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 de Guzman, Chad (23 March 2018). "PH takes small steps, as it aims for giant leaps in space technology". CNN Philippines. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Tumampos, Stephanie; Resurreccion, Lyn (29 October 2018). "PHL flying high–into space". BusinessMirror. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  3. ↑ Luces, Kim (October 15, 2013). "Reaching for the stars: Why the Philippines needs a space program". GMA News. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  4. ↑ Cinco, Maricar (November 7, 2012). "Gov't space agency pushed". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  5. ↑ Pineda, Oscar (March 10, 2013). "Country needs to upgrade weather detection gear". Sun Star Cebu. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  6. ↑ Usman, Edd (29 March 2015). "PH to become 'space-capable' in 10 yrs, according to DOST". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  7. ↑ {{cite url=http://congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/basic_17/HB03637.pdf|publisher=17th Philippine House of Representatives|accessdate=24 September 2018|date=15 September 2016}}
  8. ↑ {{cite url=https://senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=17&q=SBN-1211|publisher=17th Philippine Senate|accessdate=24 September 2018|date=18 October 2016}}
  9. ↑ "House okays PH Space Dev't bill on 2nd reading". Manila Bulletin. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  10. ↑ Roxas, Pathricia Ann V. (December 4, 2018). "Philippine space development bill gets House nod". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  11. ↑ Arayata, Ma. Cristina (1 February 2019). "DOST execs note importance of Space Agency creation". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  12. 1 2 "Philippines ready and able to create its own space agency, minister says". The Japan Times. Kyodo. 1 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  13. ↑ "Philippine chief lauds U.S. stand in Vietnam". St. Petersburg Times. 16 September 1966. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  14. 1 2 "Wealth of Marcos recovered". Gadsden Times. Associated Press. 23 March 1986. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  15. ↑ "Businessman urged gov't to set up satellite". Manila Standard. 12 December 1993. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  16. ↑ "Space Age plant due in Dutchess". Wappingers Falls: The Evening News. 26 July 1969. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  17. ↑ Martin, Donald (2000). "Asian African South American and Australian Satellites - Philippines". Communication Satellites (illustrated ed.). AIAA. p. 463. ISBN   1884989098.
  18. 1 2 3 MacKie-Mason, Jeffrey; Waterman, David (26 November 2013). "Communication Satellite Policies in Asia". Telephony, the Internet, and the Media: Selected Papers From the 1997 Telecommunications Policy Research Conference. Routledge. pp. 239–242. ISBN   1136684263.
  19. ↑ "PLDT Forms satellite firm". Manila Standard. 2 November 1994. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  20. ↑ "Mabuhay acquires Indon satellite;sets new orbit". Manila Standard. July 25, 1996.
  21. ↑ "Mabuhay Acquires Pasifik Satellite". Telecompaper. August 6, 1996. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  22. ↑ "Palapa B-2P". Weebau Space Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  23. ↑ "Agila 2 / ABS 5 → ABS 3". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
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  25. ↑ Usman, Edd; Wakefield, Francis (June 30, 2014). "PH to launch own microsatellite in 2016". Manila Bulletin.
  26. ↑ "Asian Universities + Asian Nations Go Small... Monitor Natural Disasters w/Network Of Microsatellites". Satnews Daily. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
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  29. ↑ "DOST Finalizes MOU with Russian Space Agency". Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines). 7 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  30. ↑ "PH to launch second micro satellite 'Diwata 2' into space on Oct. 29 - UNTV News | UNTV News". www.untvweb.com. Retrieved 2018-10-29.
  31. ↑ "PH-made microsatellite Diwata-2 flies into space". Rappler. Retrieved 2018-10-29.
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  36. ↑ Lacamiento, Grace Melanie (20 June 2018). "To go beyond limits". The Freeman. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
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