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In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are examples of group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons from which one hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups called hydrocarbyls. Hydrocarbons are generally colourless and hydrophobic with only weak odours. Because of their diverse molecular structures, it is difficult to generalize further. Most anthropogenic emissions of hydrocarbons are from the burning of fossil fuels including fuel production and combustion. Natural sources of hydrocarbons such as ethylene, isoprene, and monoterpenes come from the emissions of vegetation.
Sphingomonas was defined in 1990 as a group of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic, strictly aerobic bacteria. They possess ubiquinone 10 as their major respiratory quinone, contain glycosphingolipids (GSLs), specifically ceramide, instead of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their cell envelopes, and typically produce yellow-pigmented colonies.
Sphingomonadaceae are a gram-negative bacterial family of the Alphaproteobacteria. An important feature is the presence of sphingolipids in the outer membrane of the cell wall. The cells are ovoid or rod-shaped. Others are also pleomorphic, i.e. the cells change the shape over time. Some species from Sphingomonadaceae family are dominant components of biofilms.
Bonny Light oil is found at Oloibiri in the Niger delta region of Nigeria in 1956 for its first commercial use. Since then, indigenous people in Nigeria used it as medical treatment, detox, dermal inflammation, digestive disorders, and so on. Due to its features of generating high profit, it has high demand in refiners. Bonny light oit has an API of 32.9, classified as light oil. It is regarded as more valuable than the other oils with lower API as more high-value products are produced in the refinement. However, in Nigeria, problems due to oil spillage causes vandalism and affects both human and ecosystem in detrimental ways. Some experiments on animals and soil are done to figure out those impacts on organisms.
Marinobacter is a genus of Proteobacteria found in sea water. They are also found in a variety of salt lakes. A number of strains and species can degrade hydrocarbons. The species involved in hydrocarbon degradation include M. alkaliphilus, M. arcticus, M. hydrocarbonoclasticus, M. maritimus & M. squalenivorans.
Alcanivorax borkumensis is an alkane-degrading marine bacterium which naturally propagates and becomes predominant in crude-oil-containing seawater when nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients are supplemented.
The Nocardiaceae are a family of aerobic, non-fastidious, high G+C, Gram-positive actinomycetes that are commonly found in soil and water. Members of this family have been isolated from Antarctic soils. Nocardiaceae present coccobacilli, filamentous or, rarely, fragmented and palisading forms, and filamentous species grow in a branching morphological pattern similar to fungal hyphae.
Groundwater remediation is the process that is used to treat polluted groundwater by removing the pollutants or converting them into harmless products. Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface. Globally, between 25 per cent and 40 per cent of the world's drinking water is drawn from boreholes and dug wells. Groundwater is also used by farmers to irrigate crops and by industries to produce everyday goods. Most groundwater is clean, but groundwater can become polluted, or contaminated as a result of human activities or as a result of natural conditions.
Sphingomonas yanoikuyae is a short rod-shaped, strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, chemoheterotrophic species of bacteria that is yellow or off-white in color. Its type strain is JCM 7371. It is notable for degrading a variety of aromatic compounds including biphenyl, naphthalene, phenanthrene, toluene, m-, and p-xylene. S. yanoikuyae was discovered by Brian Goodman on the southern coast of Papua New Guinea. However, Sphingomonas have a wide distribution across freshwater, seawater, and terrestrial habitats. This is due to the bacteria’s ability to grow and survive under low-nutrient conditions as it can utilize a broad range of organic compounds.
Sphingobium japonicum is a hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading bacteria with type strain MTCC 6362T. Its genome has been sequenced.
Sphingomonas daechungensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic and non-motile bacteria from the genus of Sphingomonas which has been isolated from sediments of the Daechung water reservoir in Korea.
Sphingomonas formosensis is a Gram-negative and short rod-shaped bacteria from the genus of Sphingomonas which has been isolated from agricultural soil in Kaohsiung County in Taiwan. Sphingomonas formosensis has the ability degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds.
Sphingomonas haloaromaticamans is a bacterium from the genus of Sphingomonas which has been isolated from water and soil in the Netherlands. Sphingomonas haloaromaticamans has the ability to degrade 1,4-dichlorobenzene.
Sphingomonas jaspsi is a Gram-negative, aerobic, pleomorphic and motile bacteria from the genus of Sphingomonas which has been isolated from fresh water in Misasa in Japan. Sphingomonas jaspsi produces carotenoid.
Sphingomonas koreensis is a Gram-negative and aerobic bacteria from the genus of Sphingomonas which has been isolated from natural mineral water in Taejon in Korea. Sphingomonas koreensis can cause meningitis on humans.
Sphingomonas oligophenolica is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and non-motile bacteria from the genus of Sphingomonas which has been isolated from paddy field soil in Japan. Sphingomonas oligophenolica has the ability to degrade phenolic acids.
Sphingomonas pseudosanguinis is a bacterium from the genus of Sphingomonas, which has been isolated from a humidifier in Germany.
Gordonia paraffinivorans is a bacterium from the genus of Gordonia which has been isolated from the Daqing Oil Field in China. Gordonia paraffinivorans has the ability to degrade hydrocarbon.
Novosphingobium indicum is a bacterium from the genus of Novosphingobium which has been isolated from deep-sea water from the Indian Ocean. Novosphingobium indicum hasd the ability to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
Desulfosarcina alkanivorans is a hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium from the genus of Desulfosarcina which has been isolated from oil contaminated marine sediments from Shuaiba in Kuwait.
References
- 1 2 LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de
- 1 2 UniProt
- ↑ Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen
- 1 2 Luo, YR; Tian, Y; Huang, X; Kwon, K; Yang, SH; Seo, HS; Kim, SJ; Zheng, TL (June 2012). "Sphingomonas polyaromaticivorans sp. nov., a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium from an oil port water sample". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62 (Pt 6): 1223–7. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.033530-0 . PMID 21742816.