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Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes (EPEC, ETEC etc.) can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for food contamination incidents that prompt product recalls. The harmless strains are part of the normal microbiota of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2, (which helps blood to clot) and preventing colonisation of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria, having a symbiotic relationship. E. coli is expelled into the environment within fecal matter. The bacterium grows massively in fresh fecal matter under aerobic conditions for 3 days, but its numbers decline slowly afterwards.
In engineering, deformation refers to the change in size or shape of an object. Displacements are the absolute change in position of a point on the object. Deflection is the relative change in external displacements on an object. Strain is the relative internal change in shape of an infinitesimally small cube of material and can be expressed as a non-dimensional change in length or angle of distortion of the cube. Strains are related to the forces acting on the cube, which are known as stress, by a stress-strain curve. The relationship between stress and strain is generally linear and reversible up until the yield point and the deformation is elastic. The linear relationship for a material is known as Young's modulus. Above the yield point, some degree of permanent distortion remains after unloading and is termed plastic deformation. The determination of the stress and strain throughout a solid object is given by the field of strength of materials and for a structure by structural analysis.
Sphingomonas was defined in 1990 as a group of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic, strictly aerobic bacteria. They possess ubiquinone 10 as their major respiratory quinone, contain glycosphingolipids (GSLs), specifically ceramide, instead of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their cell envelopes, and typically produce yellow-pigmented colonies.
Sphingomonadaceae are a gram-negative bacterial family of the Alphaproteobacteria. An important feature is the presence of sphingolipids in the outer membrane of the cell wall. The cells are ovoid or rod-shaped. Others are also pleomorphic, i.e. the cells change the shape over time. Some species from Sphingomonadaceae family are dominant components of biofilms.
The Gemmatimonadetes are a phylum of bacteria established in 2003. The phylum contains two classes Gemmatimonadetes and Longimicrobia.
Orientia tsutsugamushi is a mite-borne bacterium belonging to the family Rickettsiaceae and is responsible for a disease called scrub typhus in humans. It is a natural and an obligate intracellular parasite of mites belonging to the family Trombiculidae. With a genome of only 2.0–2.7 Mb, it has the most repeated DNA sequences among bacterial genomes sequenced so far. The disease, scrub typhus, occurs when infected mite larvae accidentally bite humans. Primarily indicated by undifferentiated febrile illnesses, the infection can be complicated and often fatal.
Polyvinyl alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome) (EC 1.1.2.6, PVA dehydrogenase, PVADH) is an enzyme with systematic name polyvinyl alcohol:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Sphingopyxis granuli is a bacterium. It is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium. Its type strain is Kw07T.
Sphingopyxis italica is a bacterium. It is Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped and was isolated from volcanic rock in the Roman catacombs of Saint Callixtus in Rome. Its type strain is SC13E-S71T.
Sphingopyxis bauzanensis is a bacterium. It is Gram-negative, aerobic and psychrophilic. The type strain is BZ30T.
Sphingopyxis ummariensis is a bacterium. It is Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped and yellow-pigmented. The type strain is UI2T.
Sphingopyxis flavimaris is a bacterium. It is Gram-negative, motile, yellow-pigmented and slightly halophilic. Its type strain is SW-151T.
Pectobacterium wasabiae is a plant pathogenic bacterium that was first reported to cause disease on wasabi plants. A closely related species, yet to be formally named, also causes disease on potato. Unlike most Pectobacterium, P. wasabiae strains lack a type III secretion system. Its type strain is CFBP 3304T(=LMG 8404T =NCPPB 3701T =ICMP 9121T).
Pedobacter agri is a species of Gram-negative bacteria. Its genome has been sequenced. Its type strain is PB92(T).
Luteimonas marina is a bacterium. Its type strain is FR1330(T).
Novosphingobium pentaromativorans is a species of high-molecular-mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium. It is Gram-negative, yellow-pigmented and halophilic. With type strain US6-1T. Its genome has been sequenced.
Parapedobacter soli is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Parapedobacter which has been isolated from soil from a ginseng field in Korea.
Sphingopyxis indica is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingopyxis.
Sphingopyxis nepalensis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingopyxis which has been isolated from oil-contaminated soil from Biratnagar in Nepal.
Sphingopyxis solisilvae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingopyxis which has been isolated from forest soil from the Kyonggi University in Korea.
References
- ↑ Srinivasan, S.; Kim, M.K.; Sathiyaraj, G.; Veena, V.; Mahalakshmi, M.; Kalaiselvi, S.; Kim, Y.-J.; Yang, D.-C. (2009). "Sphingopyxis panaciterrulae sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60 (10): 2358–2363. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.019414-0 . ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 19933588.
