39°57′1.5″N75°11′50.5″W / 39.950417°N 75.197361°W | |
Location | University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |
---|---|
Designer | R. Tait McKenzie |
Type | Statue |
Material | Bronze Concrete Limestone Stone |
Length | 2 feet (0.61 m) |
Width | 3.5 feet (1.1 m) |
Height | 185.5 inches (4.71 m) |
Beginning date | 1917 |
Completion date | 1918 |
Dedicated date | June 15, 1919 |
Dedicated to | George Whitefield |
The Reverend George Whitefield is a monumental statue which once stood on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Dedicated in 1919, it was designed by sculptor R. Tait McKenzie and honors its namesake George Whitefield, Anglican cleric who was a founder of Methodism. In 2020, in reaction to the George Floyd protests, the university administration removed the statue due to Whitefield's defense of slavery.
The monument consisted of a bronze statue of Whitefield measuring 8 feet (2.4 m) tall and with widths of 3.5 feet (1.1 m) and 2 feet (0.61 m). Whitefield is standing with a Bible in his left hand and his right hand raised. [1] For his depiction of Whitefield, McKenzie chose to show him as a young man. [2] This statue stood on a three-part pedestal, with the upper limestone part having a height of 68 inches (1.7 m), the middle stone part 16.25 inches (41.3 cm), and the bottom concrete and stone part 5.25 inches (13.3 cm). [1] The upper and middle parts of the pedestal were hexagonal and increased in diameter from top to bottom, while the bottom part was round with flat faces on the front and back. [1] The upper base bears inscriptions on both its front and back, with the front reading "The Reverend/George/Whitefield/Bachelor of Arts/1736/Pembroke College/Oxford" and the back reading "Humble Dis-/ciple/of Jesus Christ/Eloquent/Preacher of the/Gospel". The monument bore the inscription, "The University of Pennsylvania held its first session in a building erected for his congregation and was aided by his collections, guided by his counsel, and inspired by his life." [1] It is located near the Quadrangle Dormitories. [1]
George Whitefield was an evangelist active in the Methodist movement of the mid-1700s. [2] During a trip to the Thirteen Colonies between 1739 and 1741, he preached in Philadelphia in a small building that had been built for that purpose. [2] Following Whitefield's sermons, the building would be used by Benjamin Franklin as the location for a new institution of higher learning, which would eventually become the University of Pennsylvania. [2] Around 1914, the bicentenary of Whitefield's birth, there was a push to erect a statue in his honor. The previous year, during a meeting in New York City, Methodist members of the university's alumni association discussed the possibility of erecting a statue of Whitefield, [2] and the following year the provost of the University of Pennsylvania gave a speech in his honor that contributed to the movement. [3] In 1914, R. Tait McKenzie, a sculptor and the university's director of physical education, was commissioned for the project, [1] and he began working on a design for the statue by 1917. [2] The statue would be one of several that McKenzie would make for the university, including a statue of Edgar Fahs Smith and one of Franklin. [4] [5] In researching Whitefield, McKenzie sought out as many portraits as he could find of the man, traveling to Boston and London in the process. [2] By 1918, the casting for the statue was completed. A dedication was set for the university's Alumni Day, [2] June 15, 1919. [note 1] At the unveiling, Wallace MacMullen, D.D. gave a speech that chronicled Whitefield's life and his contributions to evangelism, [6] while a choir played the hymn "For Famous Men", which included verses that honored Whitefield. [3] The monument was a whole gift from the Methodist Alumni Committee to the university. [1]
In 1992, the statue was surveyed as part of the Save Outdoor Sculpture! project. [1]
On July 2, 2020, the university administration announced that the statue of Whitefield would be removed. [9] In the statement issued by University President Amy Gutmann, Provost Wendell Pritchett, and Vice President Craig Carnaroli, they highlighted Whitefield's support of slavery and his successful push to legalize slavery in the Province of Georgia. [9] Concerning the statue, they stated that "[h]onoring him with a statue on our campus is inconsistent with our University's core values" and that "there is absolutely no justification for having a statue honoring him at Penn". [9] The statement also noted that several other people involved in the creation and conduct of the university had owned slaves, including Franklin, but that, unlike Whitefield, Franklin later changed his opinions on slavery and became an abolitionist. [9] In the same announcement, the university declared the creation of the Campus Iconography Group, which would study other pieces of university iconography and report to the university administration. [9] The move came after the murder of George Floyd amidst the subsequent George Floyd protests, [10] which contributed to a nationwide racial reckoning in the United States. [11] Around this time, Princeton University, another Ivy League university, had announced that they would be renaming a building that had been named after U.S. President Woodrow Wilson due to his racist views, [10] while in Philadelphia, a statue of Frank Rizzo near Philadelphia City Hall was removed due to his racist actions. [11] About a month before this, on June 19, The Daily Pennsylvanian (the university's student newspaper) had published an opinion piece that called for the statue to be removed. [12] Less than a year before this, the same author had opined that the statue should remain, but with additional markers that contextualized the statue. [13]
The University of Pennsylvania, commonly referenced as Penn or UPenn, is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It is one of nine colonial colleges and was chartered prior to the U.S. Declaration of Independence when Benjamin Franklin, the university's founder and first president, advocated for an educational institution that trained leaders in academia, commerce, and public service. Penn identifies as the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, though this representation is challenged by other universities since Franklin first convened the board of trustees in 1749, arguably making it the fifth-oldest.
George Whitefield, also known as George Whitfield, was an English Anglican minister and preacher who was one of the founders of Methodism and the evangelical movement. Born in Gloucester, he matriculated at Pembroke College, Oxford in 1732. There, he joined the "Holy Club" and was introduced to John and Charles Wesley, with whom he would work closely in his later ministry. Unlike the Wesleys, he embraced Calvinism.
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The Province of Pennsylvania, also known as the Pennsylvania Colony, was a British North American colony founded by William Penn, who received the land through a grant from Charles II of England in 1681. The name Pennsylvania was derived from "Penn's Woods", referring to William Penn's father Admiral Sir William Penn.
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Amy Gutmann is an American academic and diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to Germany from 2022 to 2024. She was previously the president of the University of Pennsylvania from 2004 to 2022, the longest-serving president in the history of the University of Pennsylvania. She currently serves as the Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of Political Science, School of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of Communication, Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania.
Robert Tait McKenzie was a Canadian physician, educator, sculptor, athlete, soldier and Scouter. Born in Ramsay Township, Lanark County, Ontario, Canada, he attended McGill University in Montreal as an undergraduate and medical student, and was an instructor in its medical school beginning in 1894. In 1904, he moved to the United States to teach at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In the 1930s, he returned to the county of his birth, retiring to the Mill of Kintail in Almonte.
The Button is a modern art sculpture that lies at the center of campus at the University of Pennsylvania. It was designed by Swedish sculptor Claes Oldenburg, who specialized in creating oversize sculptures of everyday objects.
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The Quadrangle Dormitories are a complex of 39 conjoined residence houses at the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The architectural firm of Cope and Stewardson designed the houses in an exuberant Neo-Jacobean version of the Collegiate Gothic style, and completed most of them between 1894 and 1912. The dormitories stretch from 36th to 38th Streets and from Spruce Street to Hamilton Walk. West of the Memorial Tower at 37th Street, the houses on the north side follow the diagonal of Woodland Avenue and form a long triangle with the houses on the south side. From 1895 to 1971, the dormitories housed only male students.
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