The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966,which is headquartered in the Ortigas Center located in the city of Mandaluyong,Metro Manila,Philippines. The bank also maintains 31 field offices around the world to promote social and economic development in Asia. The bank admits the members of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and non-regional developed countries. From 31 members at its establishment,ADB now has 68 members.
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is an international financial institution,established in 1944 and headquartered in Washington,D.C.,United States,that is the lending arm of World Bank Group. The IBRD offers loans to middle-income developing countries. The IBRD is the first of five member institutions that compose the World Bank Group. The initial mission of the IBRD in 1944,was to finance the reconstruction of European nations devastated by World War II. The IBRD and its concessional lending arm,the International Development Association (IDA),are collectively known as the World Bank as they share the same leadership and staff.
Tuvalu is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean,midway between Hawaii and Australia,with a population of 11,192 per the 2017 census. The economy of Tuvalu is constrained by its remoteness and lack of economies of scale. Government revenues largely come from fishing licences;direct grants from international donors;and income from the Tuvalu Trust Fund. The lease of its highly fortuitous .tv Top Level Domain (TLD) also contributes revenue. The sale of stamps since the independence of Tuvalu in 1976 has been an important source of revenue for the country and government. However,such revenue has significantly declined in recent years. Tuvalu has hardly any tourism. It has no tour guides,tour operators or organised activities and no cruise ships visit.
A developing country is a sovereign state with a lesser developed industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However,this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreement on which countries fit this category. The terms low and middle-income country (LMIC) and newly emerging economy (NEE) are often used interchangeably but refers only to the economy of the countries. The World Bank classifies the world's economies into four groups,based on gross national income per capita:high,upper-middle,lower-middle,and low income countries. Least developed countries,landlocked developing countries and small island developing states are all sub-groupings of developing countries. Countries on the other end of the spectrum are usually referred to as high-income countries or developed countries.
MENA,an acronym in the English language,refers to a grouping of countries situated in and around the Middle East and North Africa. It is also known as WANA,SWANA,or NAWA,which alternatively refers to the Middle East as West Asia,this is another way to reference the geographical region,instead of using the more common political terminology.
The G20 or Group of 20 is an intergovernmental forum comprising 19 countries and the European Union (EU). It works to address major issues related to the global economy,such as international financial stability,climate change mitigation and sustainable development.
The African Development Bank Group (AfDB) or Banque Africaine de Développement (BAD) is a multilateral development finance institution headquartered in Abidjan,Ivory Coast,since September 2014. The AfDB is a financial provider to African governments and private companies investing in the regional member countries (RMC).
The Philippines' water supply system dates back to 1946,after the country declared independence. Government agencies,local institutions,non-government organizations,and other corporations are primarily in charge of the operation and administration of water supply and sanitation in the country.
Climate finance is "finance that aims at reducing emissions,and enhancing sinks of greenhouse gases and aims at reducing vulnerability of,and maintaining and increasing the resilience of,human and ecological systems to negative climate change impacts",as defined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Standing Committee on Finance. The term has been used in a narrow sense to refer to transfers of public resources from developed to developing countries,in light of their UN Climate Convention obligations to provide "new and additional financial resources",and in a wider sense to refer to all financial flows relating to climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Infrastructure-based economic development,also called infrastructure-driven development,combines key policy characteristics inherited from the Rooseveltian progressive tradition and neo-Keynesian economics in the United States,France's Gaullist and neo-Colbertist centralized economic planning,Scandinavian social democracy as well as Singaporean and Chinese state capitalism:it holds that a substantial proportion of a nation’s resources must be systematically directed towards long term assets such as transportation,energy and social infrastructure in the name of long term economic efficiency and social equity.
The Development Policy Centre (Devpol) is an aid and development policy think tank based at the Crawford School of Public Policy in the College of Asia and the Pacific at the Australian National University. Devpol undertakes independent research and promotes practical initiatives to improve the effectiveness of Australian aid,to support the development of Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Islands region,and to contribute to better global development policy.
The New Development Bank (NDB),formerly referred to as the BRICS Development Bank,is a multilateral development bank established by the BRICS states (Brazil,Russia,India,China and South Africa). According to the Agreement on the NDB,"the Bank shall support public or private projects through loans,guarantees,equity participation and other financial instruments." Moreover,the NDB "shall cooperate with international organizations and other financial entities,and provide technical assistance for projects to be supported by the Bank."
Takehiko Nakao was a Japanese civil servant who served as the ninth president of the Asian Development Bank between 2013 and early 2020. He is the Chairman of the Institute,Mizuho Research &Technologies Ltd,and a board member (external) of the Daiichi Life Insurance Ltd. He teaches international economic policies and development economics as Visiting Professor at the Graduate School of Public Policy at Tokyo University and National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (Tokyo).
The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a multilateral development bank and international financial institution that aims to collectively improve economic and social outcomes in Asia. It is the world's second largest multi-lateral development institution. Headquartered in Beijing,China,the bank currently has 106 members,including 14 prospective members from around the world. The breakdown of the 106 members by continents are as follows:42 in Asia,26 in Europe,21 in Africa,8 in Oceania,8 in South America,and 1 in North America. The bank started operation after the agreement entered into force on 25 December 2015,after ratifications were received from 10 member states holding a total number of 50% of the initial subscriptions of the Authorized Capital Stock.
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. The World Bank is the collective name for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Development Association (IDA),two of five international organizations owned by the World Bank Group. It was established along with the International Monetary Fund at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. After a slow start,its first loan was to France in 1947. In the 1970s,it focused on loans to developing world countries,shifting away from that mission in the 1980s. For the last 30 years,it has included NGOs and environmental groups in its loan portfolio. Its loan strategy is influenced by the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals,as well as environmental and social safeguards.
The Belt and Road Initiative,known within China as the One Belt One Road or OBOR for short,is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013 to invest in more than 150 countries and international organizations. It is considered a centerpiece of the Chinese leader Xi Jinping's foreign policy. The BRI forms a central component of Xi's "Major Country Diplomacy" strategy,which calls for China to assume a greater leadership role for global affairs in accordance with its rising power and status. It has been compared to the American Marshall Plan. As of January 2023,151 countries were listed as having signed up to the BRI. The participating countries include almost 75% of the world's population and account for more than half of the world's GDP.
Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor (VCIC),also Vizag–Chennai Industrial Corridor,is a key part of the East Coast Economic Corridor (ECEC),India's first coastal corridor. VCIC is aligned with the Golden Quadrilateral and is poised to play a critical role in driving India’s Act East Policy and Make in India campaign. The nearly 800-kilometer corridor links India with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and East Asian economies that form the bedrock of global manufacturing economy. The corridor traverses nine districts of the state of Andhra Pradesh. VCIC intends to complement the ongoing efforts of the Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) to enhance industrial growth and create high quality jobs.
Climate change in Afghanistan has led to a temperature increase of 1.8°C since 1950 in the country. This has caused far-reaching impacts on Afghanistan,culminating from overlapping interactions of natural disasters,conflict,agricultural dependency,and severe socio-economic hardship.
Marianne Fay is an American economist and writer. She specializes in infrastructure,development,and climate change.
The National Development Fund was established by Royal Order No. 13 dated October 3,2017. It was mandated to advance the performance of development funds and banks in the Kingdom as well as empower development funds and banks to better fulfill development priorities and economic obligations related to Saudi Vision 2030.
