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The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States. It spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching and sparked a number of reform movements. Revivals were a key part of the movement and attracted hundreds of converts to new Protestant denominations. The Methodist Church used circuit riders to reach people in frontier locations.
The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, more commonly known as the Shakers, are a millenarian restorationist Christian sect founded c. 1747 in England and then organized in the United States in the 1780s. They were initially known as "Shaking Quakers" because of their ecstatic behavior during worship services. Espousing egalitarian ideals, women took on spiritual leadership roles alongside men, including founding leaders such as Jane Wardley, Ann Lee, and Lucy Wright. The Shakers emigrated from England and settled in Revolutionary colonial America, with an initial settlement at Watervliet, New York, in 1774. They practice a celibate and communal utopian lifestyle, pacifism, uniform charismatic worship, and their model of equality of the sexes, which they institutionalized in their society in the 1780s. They are also known for their simple living, architecture, technological innovation, music, and furniture.
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References
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- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Stephen J. Stein papers, 1960-2005, bulk 1976-2005 - Archives Online at Indiana University". archives.iu.edu.
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- ↑ Gaustad, Edwin S. (1978). "Review of Apocalyptic Writings". The Journal of American History. 65 (1): 108–109. doi:10.2307/1888145. ISSN 0021-8723.
- ↑ Critical essays on Jonathan Edwards. Boston: G. K. Hall. 1980. ISBN 978-0-8161-8304-3.
- ↑ The Apocalypse in English Renaissance thought and literature : patterns, antecedents, and repercussions. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1984. ISBN 978-0-7190-0958-7.
- ↑ Perspectives on American religion and culture. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. 1999. ISBN 978-1-57718-117-0.
- ↑ Pietism in Germany and North America 1680-1820. Farnham, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7546-6401-7.
- ↑ The Columbia guide to religion in American history. New York: Columbia University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-231-14020-1.
- ↑ Marini, Stephen A. (1994). "Demythologizing Shakerism". Reviews in American History. 22 (2): 242–247. doi:10.2307/2702890. ISSN 0048-7511.
- ↑ "Back Matter". Church History. 63 (2). 1994. ISSN 0009-6407.
- ↑ Bainbridge, William Sims (1993). "Review of The Shaker Experience in America: A History of the United Society of Believers". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 32 (3): 298–299. doi:10.2307/1386671. ISSN 0021-8294.
- ↑ "Review: 'The Shaker Experience in America: A History of the United Society of Believers'". Kirkus Reviews . 1992-04-15.
- ↑ Westerkamp, Marilyn J. (1994). "Review of The Shaker Experience in America: A History of the United Society of Believers". Winterthur Portfolio. 29 (1): 91–94. ISSN 0084-0416.
- ↑ "Front Matter". Church History. 63 (1). 1994. ISSN 0009-6407.
- ↑ Stein, Stephen J. (1995). "America's Bibles: Canon, Commentary, and Community". Church History. 64 (2): 169–184. doi:10.2307/3167903. JSTOR 3167903.
- ↑ "Front Matter". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 54 (2): 254–367. 1986. ISSN 0002-7189.
- ↑ "2014 News and Updates". www.josephsmithpapers.org. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ↑ "Project Organization". The Joseph Smith Papers. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
- ↑ Mastromarino, Mark A. (1 January 2015). "Rough Stone Rising: The Joseph Smith Papers Project". Mormon Studies Review. 2 (1): 4.
- ↑ "Stephen J. Stein". Department of Religious Studies. IU.
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