Stevens Pass

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Stevens Pass
Stevens Pass Signs 2700px.jpg
Elevation 4,061 ft (1,238 m) [1]
Traversed by U.S. Route 2
Location Chelan / King counties, Washington, United States
Range Cascades
Coordinates 47°44.7′N121°5.6′W / 47.7450°N 121.0933°W / 47.7450; -121.0933

Stevens Pass (elevation 4,061 ft (1,238 m)) is a mountain pass through the Cascade Mountains located at the border of King County and Chelan County in Washington, United States. [1] U.S. Route 2 travels over the pass, reaching a maximum elevation of 4,061 feet (1,238 m). The Pacific Crest Trail crosses the highway at Stevens Pass. [1] The BNSF Railway's Cascade Tunnel lies 1,180 feet (400 m) below the pass summit.

Contents

The pass is near Stevens Pass Ski Area, which is on Cowboy Mountain and Big Chief Mountain.

History

Stevens Pass is named after John Frank Stevens, the first non-indigenous person to discover it. [2] Native Americans familiar with the area knew of the pass, although very little is known about Native American routes through the mountains. Hubert C. Ward, exploring the area for the Northern Pacific Railway in 1872, heard from some Native Americans that there was a low pass at the head of Nason Creek, a tributary of the Wenatchee River, which led to one of the sources of the Skykomish River. Albert Bowman Rogers of the Great Northern Railway, learned from Native Americans in 1887 that the Skykomish River and Nason Creek had sources close to one another but that neither natives nor whites visited the Nason Creek area. Neither Ward nor Rogers had time to fully explore the area.

In 1890, Stevens conducted a thorough survey for the Great Northern, located the pass, and determined it to be the best suited for a railway crossing of the North Cascades. He wrote that there was no indication that the pass was used — there was no sign of any trails, blazes, campsites, or old campfires, for at least ten miles (16 km) in either direction and that the area was thickly forested and covered with almost impenetrable brush. Stevens wrote, "the region promised nothing to the prospector, while Indians and Whites crossing the mountains used either Snoqualmie on the south or the Indian Pass on the north." [3]

Stevens had also charted Marias Pass in northwestern Montana, on the Continental Divide near Glacier National Park. [4]

Debris -- including wrecked train cars -- resulting from the Wellington Avalanche. Wellington Avalanche Debris.jpg
Debris — including wrecked train cars — resulting from the Wellington Avalanche.

Notable avalanches

On February 23, 1910, the two Great Northern Railway trains, the "Seattle Express" local passenger train No. 25 and Fast Mail train No. 27, were stalled on the tracks at the Cascade Tunnel Station on Stevens Pass because of a heavy snow storm and avalanches. Then on March 1, six days later, another avalanche pushed both trains 150 feet (46 m) down into the Tye River Valley, thus burying the train cars in snow and debris. The Wellington Disaster killed ninety-six people – thirty-five passengers and sixty-one railroad employees – which made the Wellington avalanche one of the worst train disasters in United States history. [5]

Over a century later, an avalanche occurred on February 19, 2012 near Tunnel Creek Canyon Road, killing three of four experienced backcountry skiers, including the Stevens Pass Ski Area's marketing director; professional skier Elyse Saugstad, who was wearing an avalanche airbag backpack, survived after tumbling down for more than 2,000 feet (600 m). [6]

Climate

Stevens Pass experiences a maritime-influenced alpine subarctic climate (Köppen Dsc), with short, mild, dry summers and extremely heavy winter snowfall.

The following chart includes climate data for the Stevens Pass (SNOTEL) weather station from January 1, 1991, to December 31, 2020. [7]

Climate data for Stevens Pass, Washington, 1991–2020 normals, 1939–1994 extremes: 3950ft (1204m)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °F (°C)53
(12)
53
(12)
70
(21)
71
(22)
83
(28)
91
(33)
95
(35)
91
(33)
85
(29)
72
(22)
56
(13)
50
(10)
95
(35)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)32.5
(0.3)
35.9
(2.2)
41.3
(5.2)
47.1
(8.4)
54.5
(12.5)
58.8
(14.9)
68.8
(20.4)
68.9
(20.5)
62.1
(16.7)
48.9
(9.4)
36.8
(2.7)
30.7
(−0.7)
48.9
(9.4)
Daily mean °F (°C)28.0
(−2.2)
30.0
(−1.1)
33.9
(1.1)
38.7
(3.7)
45.1
(7.3)
49.7
(9.8)
57.6
(14.2)
58.0
(14.4)
52.4
(11.3)
42.1
(5.6)
32.4
(0.2)
26.6
(−3.0)
41.2
(5.1)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)23.5
(−4.7)
24.2
(−4.3)
26.5
(−3.1)
30.2
(−1.0)
35.8
(2.1)
40.7
(4.8)
46.6
(8.1)
47.1
(8.4)
42.6
(5.9)
35.2
(1.8)
27.9
(−2.3)
22.6
(−5.2)
33.6
(0.9)
Record low °F (°C)−22
(−30)
−12
(−24)
−3
(−19)
11
(−12)
17
(−8)
25
(−4)
32
(0)
30
(−1)
28
(−2)
10
(−12)
−2
(−19)
−25
(−32)
−25
(−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm)14.14
(359)
9.33
(237)
10.04
(255)
5.76
(146)
3.66
(93)
2.84
(72)
1.12
(28)
1.43
(36)
3.90
(99)
10.25
(260)
14.89
(378)
13.22
(336)
90.58
(2,299)
Average snowfall inches (cm)104.7
(266)
77.6
(197)
70.6
(179)
32.6
(83)
9.2
(23)
0.7
(1.8)
0.1
(0.25)
0.0
(0.0)
0.5
(1.3)
16.1
(41)
66.4
(169)
93.3
(237)
471.8
(1,198)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)20.317.119.916.512.710.44.54.88.416.320.920.7172.5
Source 1: XMACIS2 (temp normals) [8] NOAA (precipitation) [9]
Source 2: WRCC (records & snowfall) [10]

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The Stevens Pass Historic District is an area within a large rectangle 3.2 by 18.2 miles and extends from the Martin Creek Tunnel on the western slope of the crest to the eastern portal of the present Cascade Tunnel above Nason Creek on the eastern slope. The area is ruggedly mountainous and the terrain is covered with timber and granitic outcroppings. The Cascade Range interfered with the Great Northern Railway effort to develop a deep water western terminus in Puget Sound. A gap in the Cascade Range, at Stevens Pass, was found suitable at an elevation slightly in excess of 4,000 feet (1,200 m) about 45 miles (72 km) east of Seattle. The first effort an elaborate switchback system, replaced by a tunnel which was itself replaced by a second tunnel.

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Jim Hill Mountain is a prominent 6,765 ft (2,060 m) mountain summit located in Chelan County of Washington state. Jim Hill Mountain is situated 3.5 mi (5.6 km) east of Stevens Pass, on the boundary of Alpine Lakes Wilderness, on land managed by the Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest. Jim Hill Mountain is part of the Chiwaukum Mountains, which are a subset of the Cascade Range. Its nearest higher neighbor is Bulls Tooth, 3.8 mi (6.1 km) to the south. Precipitation runoff from the peak drains into tributaries of Nason Creek, which in turn is a tributary of the Wenatchee River. Jim Hill Mountain is set immediately south of the east portal of the Cascade Tunnel, which was built by the Great Northern Railway. This mountain was named by Albert Hale Sylvester to honor James J. Hill (1838–1916), the chief executive officer of the Great Northern Railway. Hill became known during his lifetime as "The Empire Builder", a name bestowed to the Empire Builder passenger train that runs from Seattle to Chicago, and traverses below this mountain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cowboy Mountain</span> Mountain in Washington (state), United States

Cowboy Mountain is a 5,853-foot-elevation mountain summit located in northeast King County of Washington state. It is situated at Stevens Pass, on land managed by Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. This mountain is best known for ski runs on its north slopes which are part of the Stevens Pass Ski Area. Cowboy Mountain is part of the Chiwaukum Mountains, which are a subset of the Cascade Range. Its nearest higher neighbor is Big Chief Mountain, 1.9 mi (3.1 km) to the northeast, and the Pacific Crest Trail passes through the saddle between these two mountains. Precipitation runoff from the peak drains into headwaters of the Tye River, which in turn is a tributary of the Skykomish River. The longest railroad tunnel in the United States, the Cascade Tunnel, was bored directly under Cowboy Mountain, as a response to deadly avalanches that threatened trains of the Great Northern Railway. The deadliest avalanche in the history of the United States, the 1910 Wellington avalanche, occurred approximately two miles west of Cowboy Mountain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Skykomish Peak</span> Mountain in Washington (state), United States

Skykomish Peak is a 6,368-foot (1,941-metre) mountain summit located in the Henry M. Jackson Wilderness in the North Cascades of Washington state. The mountain is situated on the crest of the Cascade Range, on the shared border of Snohomish County with Chelan County, and also straddling the boundary between Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest and Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. Skykomish Peak is located 15 mi (24 km) to the north of Stevens Pass, and the Pacific Crest Trail traverses the east slope of this peak. Precipitation runoff from the peak drains west into the Skykomish River, or east into Cady Creek which is a tributary of Little Wenatchee River. This mountain's name derives from its position at the head of the North Fork Skykomish River, and "Skykomish" comes from the Lushootseed word for the Skykomish people, sq̓ixʷəbš, meaning "upriver people".

References

  1. 1 2 3 Snoqualmie Pass Quadrangle, Washington (Map) (1965 Photorevised 1987 ed.). 1 : 24,000. 7,5 Minute Series (Topographic). United States Geological Survey. 1987. ISBN   0-607-57715-0.
  2. "People & Events: John Stevens, 1853–1943". American Experience | Streamliners | People & Events. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). 1999–2000. Archived from the original on 2009-12-27. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
  3. Beckey, Fred W. (2003). Range of glaciers: the exploration and survey of the Northern Cascade range. Oregon Historical Society Press. pp. 5, 21–23, 64, 231, 263–264, 267. ISBN   978-0-87595-243-7.
  4. "G.N. to erect Stevens statue". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). June 30, 1925. p. 5.
  5. NWDA Washington State University: Wellington Disaster
  6. "Four dead in avalanches at Stevens and Snoqualmie passes". Seattle Times. February 20, 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
  7. "Station Details - STEVENS PASS, WA US". NOAA. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  8. "xmACIS2" . Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  9. "Stevens Pass, Washington 1991-2020 Monthly Normals" . Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  10. "STEVENS PASS, WASHINGTON (458089)". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved April 10, 2024.

47°44.7′N121°5.6′W / 47.7450°N 121.0933°W / 47.7450; -121.0933