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Comrade Sultan Ahmed Khan Tarin or simply Comrade Sultan Ahmed (a.k.a. name sometimes also given as 'Sultan Muhammad Khan' [1] ) (1901-1970) was an early Communist leader from the North-West Frontier Province of British India. [2] [3]
Comrade Tarin was born in 1901 to a rural family of the Tarin/Tareen tribe [2] settled in Rehana village, Haripur District, Hazara, NWFP. [3] His father was Abdul Jabbar Khan, a village Lambardar and government revenue collector [2] and he tried to give Tarin as good an education as he could afford. On finishing his college studies, Tarin was not interested like most young men of the time in either seeking a government job or enrolling in the British Indian Army. [4] Instead, he was inspired by the Khilafat Movement [5] and sought to go to Kabul, Afghanistan, and try from there to reach Turkey, and strive in the cause of the Islamic Ottoman Caliphate.
The Tareen is a tribe of Pashtuns who inhabit southern Afghanistan, the Balochistan province of Pakistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Rehana is a village and one of the 44 union councils, administrative subdivisions, of Haripur District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Haripur District is a district in Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. As of 2015, Haripur District has a High level of Human Development. Before becoming a district in 1991, Haripur had the status of a tehsil in Abbottabad District. Its headquarters is the city of Haripur.
In 1920, Tarin and some of his young companions managed to make it to Kabul [5] .
At this time, Tarin met and was considerably impressed by some young Hindus from India, who were planning to go to join MN Roy in Moscow, USSR [5] and he was converted to the dynamic Communist perspectives for change in the British Indian colony. He also joined these young men and went with them and eventually ended up joining MN Roy and his senior associates in Tashkent in the then Soviet Turkestan [5] and was present at the founding of the Communist Party of India there, in October 1920. [5]
Hindus are persons who regard themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism. Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent.
Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 15.1 million residents within the city limits, 17 million within the urban area and approximately 25 million within the metropolitan area. Moscow is one of Russia's federal cities.
Tashkent is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan, as well as the most populated city in ex-Soviet Central Asia with a population in 2018 of 2,485,900. It is located in the north-east of the country close to the Kazakhstan border. Much of the city was destroyed in the 1966 Tashkent earthquake, though it was rebuilt afterwards as a model Soviet city.
Tarin and some 12 or 13 other young men were trained in Communist sabotage techniques and sent back to India, in early 1922, and crossed into the NWFP via the Pamirs. [5] On reaching Peshawar, however, they were soon betrayed and arrested as the Punjab CID had received advance notice of their arrival and alerted the local police. [5]
Peshawar is the capital of the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Situated in the broad Valley of Peshawar near the eastern end of the historic Khyber Pass, close to the border with Afghanistan, Peshawar's recorded history dates back to at least 539 BCE, making it the oldest city in Pakistan and one of the oldest cities in South Asia. In the ancient Indian subcontinent, the city was known as Purushpura and served as the capital of the Kushan Empire; it was home to the Kanishka stupa. Peshawar was then sacked by the White Huns, before the arrival of Muslim empires. The city was an important trading centre during the Mughal era before serving as the winter capital of the Afghan Durrani Empire from 1757 until the city was captured by the Sikh Empire in 1818, who were then followed by the British in 1849.
The Punjab, also spelled and romanised as Panjāb, is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northern India. The boundaries of the region are ill-defined and focus on historical accounts.
Tarin and most of his companions were tried and sentenced to hard labour under the article 121-A of the Indian Penal Code, for trying to 'instigate' sedition and revolt against the King-Emperor's rule in India. [6] However, they were mostly released after two years, in 1924, and Tarin returned home to his native village at this time [5] although surveillance on him continued until 1925. [5]
The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is the official criminal code of India. It is a comprehensive code intended to cover all substantive aspects of criminal law. The code was drafted in 1860 on the recommendations of first law commission of India established in 1834 under the Charter Act of 1833 under the Chairmanship of Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay. It came into force in British India during the early British Raj period in 1862. However, it did not apply automatically in the Princely states, which had their own courts and legal systems until the 1940s. The Code has since been amended several times and is now supplemented by other criminal provisions.
Comrade Tarin remained a proponent of Marxist Communism in India, well into the 1930s and 1940s, and was viewed with considerable suspicion in his conservative native region, by relatives like Risaldar Mir Dad Khan [7] and others, who had served the British Empire; yet he still strove to do his best to bring the Communist message to the masses [2] but without much success. By that time, the All India Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement was making big public inroads in the Hazara and surrounding regions [8] and in 1947, finally, the independent state of Pakistan emerged on the world map.
After the creation of Pakistan, Comrade Sultan Ahmed Khan Tarin remained for some time under suspicion of the police and intelligence authorities of the fledgling state but by the 1950s, he was not well and was no longer deemed a 'risk'. There is no record of his being in contact with the newly founded Communist Party of Pakistan (CPP, March 1948) and he had no connection with the so-called Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case of 1951. He kept on promoting a communist or socialist political and economic model, at this own level. He died quietly, a neglected figure, in 1970.[ citation needed ]
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, formerly known as the North-West Frontier ProvinceNWFP, is one of the four administrative provinces of Pakistan, located in the northwestern region of the country along the international border with Afghanistan.
Tarin may refer to:
Hazara is a region in the northeastern part of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located east of the Indus River and comprises seven districts: Abbottabad, Battagram, Haripur, Mansehra, Upper Kohistan, Lower Kohistan, and Torghar.
Pakhli was an ancient sarkar (district) of the Mughal Subah of Punjab, now part of Hazara, Pakistan. It roughly corresponds to the ancient Urasa, the Aρσa or Οΰaρσa which Ptolemy placed between the Bidaspes (Jhelum) and the Indus.
Nawab Khan Bahadur Sahibzada Sir Abdul Qayyum Khan KCIE, hailing from Topi, Swabi District, British India was a distinguished educationist and politician. Qayyum Khan helped Mortimer Durand during his negotiation of the Durand Line agreement with Afghanistan in 1893. Qayyum Khan became the first Chief Minister of the North-West Frontier Province on 1 April 1937. He is also known for establishing the Islamia College, Peshawar on the mould of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's policy of educating Muslims.
The Karlugh Turks are a prominent Karluk Turkic tribe that resides mainly in the Hazara region of current Pakistan and in Azad Kashmir. These Karlugh Turks formed a Turki Shahi dynasty and ruled the state of Pakhli Sarkar for over 200 years from 1472 to 1703.
The Dilazak is a Pashtun tribe, primarily living in Afghanistan, India and Pakistan.
Khan Bahadur Raja Jahandad Khan, (1843–1906) was an Indian politician and Chief of Gakhars and a descendant of Sultan Sarang Khan, King of Potohar.
The History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa concerns the history of the North Western region of what is now the state of Pakistan, as well as the surrounding areas that have been colloquially referred to as Pashtunistan. The earliest evidence from the region indicates that trade was common via the Khyber Pass; originating from the Indus Valley Civilization. The early people of the region were a Vedic people known as the Pakthas, identified with the modern day Pakhtun peoples. The Vedic culture reached its peak between the 6th and 1st centuries B.C under the Gandharan Civilization, and was identified as a center of Hindu learning and scholarship.
Khan Abdul Majid Khan Tarin (1877–1939), Khan-Sahib, OBE, was a prominent magistrate, MLA and philanthropist of the North West Frontier Province of former British India.
St Luke's Church, Abbottabad is an Anglican church dedicated to Saint Luke, now under the jurisdiction of the Peshawar Diocese of the Church of Pakistan. It was founded in the town of Abbottabad, British India, in 1864.
Bostan Khan ,was a warrior of the Tareen tribe settled in the Haripur, Hazara region of what was to later become the North-West Frontier Province, who was executed for 'rebellion' by the Sikh administrators of the region at that time.
Khan Jalaluddin Khan, aka Jalal Baba, was a Muslim League stalwart and a Pakistan movement activist.
Khan Abdus Salim Khan, also known as Khan Sahib was an Indian and later Pakistani civil servant and diplomat. He served as an early Pakistani ambassador to several countries.
Nawab Muhammad Habib Khan Tarin (1829-1888), Risaldar-Bahadur, CSI, was a cavalry officer of Tarin Afghan descent, who lived in the Hazara region on the Punjab Frontier, in British India.
Major (retd) Habibullah Khan Tarin is a former Pakistan Army officer, a Member of Provincial Assembly and a former Speaker of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly.